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2+) and Their Signaling in Alzheimer's and Other Neurological-Related Disorders
Published in Suvardhan Kanchi, Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Mashallah Rezakazemi, Smart Nanodevices for Point-of-Care Applications, 2022
Neha Chauhan, Smita Jain, Kanika Verma, Swapnil Sharma, Raghuraj Chouhan, Veera Sadhu
With the assistance of extracellular spaces, Ca2+ enters inside cytosol by ROCs, ionotropic receptor-operated channels, VOCCs (voltage-operated Ca2+ channels) and also through SOCCs (store-operated calcium channels). ROCs are permeable to Ca2+ which involves NMDARs and some AMPARs (amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate acid receptors). In intracellular stores like ER and mitochondria, IP3R and RyR help calcium enter the cytosol [7]. When the elevation of [Ca2+]i begins, mitochondria provide protection against increasing [Ca2+]i by rapidly sequestering Ca2+ buffers. Conclusively, gradual clearance of Ca2+ is performed by pumps of Ca2+ like Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA) [8]. Its activity is regulated by MICU1 and MICU2, injunction with the MCU make up the mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex and exchangers like Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) removes Ca2+ from the cytoplasm, it is having low affinity but raised capacity with PMCA for Ca2+ [9,10]. Various CBPs (calcium-binding proteins) like calbindin have properties of buffers with that it also occurs during the removal of Ca2+ either into intracellular stores such as the ER via SERCA (sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase) or moves out across the PM via plasmalemmal calcium pumps and exchangers [11].
Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
Calcium channel blocking agent is any of a class of drugs that inhibit the influx of calcium ions across the cell membrane or inhibit the mobilization of calcium from intracellular stores; used in the treatment of angina, cardiac arrhythmias, and hypertension.
C
Published in Splinter Robert, Illustrated Encyclopedia of Applied and Engineering Physics, 2017
[atomic, biomedical] Element used in the formation of bone and teeth as well as in the communication between cells (C2040a). Biological cell have special calcium channels that carry the calcium ion (Ca2+) charges for the creation of an action potential in combination with sodium and potassium ions. The calcium ion electropotential is described by the Nernst equation. The calcium ions and atoms also play a role in the Gibbs free energy calculations for biological cells. Calcium is a major catalyst in skeletal muscle contraction. Another implication of calcium is in the formation of plaque in the blood vessels. About 1% of calcium is dissolved in blood, and the remaining 99% is in cellular structures and muscular processes.
Human serum albumin binding studies of a new platinum(IV) complex containing the drug pregabalin: experimental and computational methods
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2019
Nahid Shahabadi, Sara Amiri, Avat (Arman) Taherpour
Pregabalin (Figure 1) is a structural analogue of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), but it is not functionally related to it. Pregabalin is structurally related to gabapentin and has a similar pharmacological profile and anticonvulsant and analgesic activity [1]. The predominant mechanism of action is thought to be through its presynaptic binding to the α2δ subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels which in turns leads to reduced release of neurotransmitters, e.g., glutamate, substance P, and calcitonin gene-related peptide [2]. Pregabalin has no plasma protein binding consistent with the lack of interactions with other anticonvulsants, certain antidiabetics, and oral contraceptives [2], thus readily penetrates the blood–brain barrier [3]. Analysis of pregabalin for structural alerts using the in silico predictive systems DEREK and CASE/multicase suggests that pregabalin contains no biologically relevant molecular features associated with genotoxicity or carcinogenicity (Duddy, unpublished data) [4].
Responsiveness of voltage-gated calcium channels in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells on micropillar substrates
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Wenxu Wang, Donghuo Zhong, Yu Lin, Rong Fan, Zhengjun Hou, Xiumei Cao, Yubin Ren
Calcium inward current through the activation of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) can result in muscular contraction, release of hormones, excitation of neurons, regulation of gene expression, etc. [6–8]. These channels tend to be the target channels used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, cerebral ischemia and stroke, epilepsy, migraine, pancreatitis, chronic neuropathic pain, senile dementia, etc. Critical to the development of a cell-based drug screening system targeting VGCCs is the evaluation of the VGCC functionality. Martinez-Pinna et al. [9] demonstrated that dissociated sympathetic neurons from an adult mouse exhibited lower VGCC response magnitudes, compared with the intact neurons in petri dishes. Lai et al. [10] demonstrated that VGCC responsiveness in neural cells from the superior cervical ganglion of mice was the same for 3D-cultured and freshly dissected cells but significantly higher for flat-cultured cells. Langton [11] shows that the calcium current through VGCC in isolated myocytes from a rat basilar artery was sensitive to stretch. Changes in osmolality could also modulate the calcium current through VGCC in trigeminal ganglion neurons [12]. These findings suggested that the responsiveness of VGCC is strongly affected by extracellular mechanics and that the platform established for VGCC drug screening was significant and necessary.
A bulk-driven, buffer-biased, gain-boosted amplifier for biomedical signal enhancement
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2019
Sarin Vijay Mythry, D. Jackuline Moni
Human body has an intricate network which is spread across the body and is controlled by the centers in the Brain and the Spinal cord. It is this nerve network which conveys the action commands from the control centers and in return gathers feedback information from various parts of the body via electro-chemical mechanisms. The unit of this elaborate nerve network is called a neuron. Neuron is a cell which has a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. Neurological and psychiatric disorders might be due to changes in inter-neuron information transfer and changes in the excitability of the neurons. Epilepsy is an example of a disease due to abnormal neuronal excitability. The information is transferred between neurons in the form of electrical signal which result from the flow of chemical ions across the cell membrane through ion channels. There are broadly two types of ion channels; they are leakage channels and voltage-gated channels. The leakage channels are open at rest and influence the cellular resting membrane potential. Voltage-gated channels on the other sideopen and close rapidly creating rapid signals called action potentials. These action potentials are generated near cell body and are transmitted along the axon till the nerve terminal without much decrement due to myelination of axon. At the nerve terminal, the action potential-induced depolarization opens voltage-gated calcium channels, which release chemicals called neuro-transmitters outside the neuron. When the neurotransmitter binds to another neuron it alters its excitability and thereby transferring the information, which is further propagated till its intended end site.