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Penicillin, Cephalosporin, and Streptomycin Production
Published in Debabrata Das, Soumya Pandit, Industrial Biotechnology, 2021
The composition of beta-lactam is not very typical and apart from the antibiotic classes to be listed, it is present only in certain alkaloids and some anti-metabolite toxins, including pachystermines from Pachystradra terminals (Chang et al., 2000), Pseudomonas tabici producing wild-fire poison (Yi et al., 1990) and even Streptomyces verticillus producing anti-tumour antibiotics, phleomycins and bleomycin (Kawano et al., 2000). The commonly used beta-lactam antibiotics are penicillins and cephalosporins whereas some fairly recent members are cephamycins, nocardicins, thienamycins. Apart from nocardicins, the above antibiotics are derivatives of bicyclic core structures wherein the lactam ring unifies with the ring molecule employing a nitrogen atom and a carbon atom (Figure 12.2). This ring compound is 5-membered in penicillins (thiazolidine), thienamycins (pyrroline), and clavulanic acid (oxazolidine). It is 6-membered in cephalosporins and cephamycins (dihydro-thiazolidine). Beta-lactam antibiotics prevent the development of the bacterial cell membrane's peptidoglycan. Given the absence of this factor in mammalian cells, beta-lactam antibiotics have low toxicity to mammals (Bruggink et al., 1998).
Production of Antibiotics and Anti-Tumor Agents
Published in Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke, Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2017
Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke
The Beta-lactam antibiotics include the well-established and clinically important penicillins and cephalosphorins as well as some relatively newer members: cephamycins, nocardicins, thienamycins, and clavulanic acid. Except in the case of nocardicins, these antibiotics are derivatives of bicyclic ring systems in which the lactam ring is fused through a nitrogen atom and a carbon atom to ring compound. This ring compound is five-membered in penicillins (thiazolidine), thienamycins (pyrroline) and clavulanic acid (oxazolidine); it is six-membered (dihydrothiazolidine) in cephalosporins and cephamycins (Fig. 25.1).
Overview of methodologies for the culturing, recovery and detection of Campylobacter
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Marcela Soto-Beltrán, Bertram G. Lee, Bianca A. Amézquita-López, Beatriz Quiñones
Broad spectrum tetracycline and beta-lactams have been used for treating gastrointestinal infections. Resistance to tetracycline in Campylobacter is moderate to high and is generally mediated by the tet(O) gene, commonly found on the pTet plasmid but also on a genomic island. Beta-Lactam antibiotics act by binding to penicillin-binding proteins and disrupting peptidoglycan cross-linking during cell wall synthesis. Resistance through beta-lactamase, blaOXA-61, is widespread in C. jejuni and C. coli. The Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump CmeABC has also worked synergistically to provide resistance to beta-lactams as well as tetracyclines, macrolides and fluoroquinolones (Whitehouse et al. 2018). Campylobacter infections that are resistant to less toxic antibiotics may be treated with aminoglycosides, such as gentamicin (Fair and Tor 2014). Aminoglycosides bind to prokaryotic ribosomes impairing protein synthesis, and over 24 genes, encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, have been identified in Campylobacter. A gene cluster aadE-sat4-aphA-3 confers multidrug resistance including aminoglycosides and has been found in C. jejuni and C. coli, recovered from food and human. This gene cluster has been detected on a plasmid and integrated in the chromosome (Zhao et al. 2016). Finally, an intrinsic resistance in some C. jejuni and C. coli isolates has been described against penicillin, older cephalosporins, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, rifampicin, and vancomycin (Fitzgerald et al. 2008).
Escherichia coli as a carrier of tetracyclines and penicillins resistance in wild pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Lukáš Hleba, Miroslava Hlebová, Anton Kováčik, Peter Šmehýl, Nikola Hricáková, Jana Petrová, Mohammad Ali Shariati, Juraj Čuboň
Antibiotic resistance can be spread out across the environment without limits and can proceed unnoticed because of the lack of the knowledge of how, and under which circumstances, the environment facilitates resistance development, driving the mitigation of the emergence and dissemination of mobile resistance problematic factors.[18] Penicillin’s, beta-lactam antibiotics, are the oldest and one of the most widely used classes of antibiotics for the medication of bacterial disease.[19] Tetracyclines have been dramatically employed as growth stimulators and bacterial disease inhibitors in livestock for a long time.[20] Wild pheasants are the wild type of birds that do not relocate and just dwell in their living location for the whole year.[21] Therefore, we decided to select them as a proper local source to study on antibiotic resistance. To study a resistant strain, Escherichia coli was a candidate since it is a common bacterial strain isolated from a wide assortment of sources and would be considered a platform to study resistant genes.[22–26]
Study of the aggregation, interaction, and thermodynamic properties of the dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide & cefixime trihydrate mixture in sodium salts solution at numerous temperatures
Published in Molecular Physics, 2022
Md. Tuhinur R. Joy, Malik Abdul Rub, Md Al Amin Hossain, Provas Kumer Biswas, Yousef G. Alghamdi, Abdullah M. Asiri, Md. Ruhul Amin, Suman C. Mohanta, Md. Anamul Hoque, Shariff E. Kabir
In the earlier investigation, the impact of cefixime trihydrate (CMT) on the micellization behaviour of CTAB in salts media has been reported at several temperatures [23]. The insertion of CMT reduced the CMC of CTAB solution, which further underwent a decline with the manifestation of electrolytes [23]. CMT (Scheme 1), a third-generation and broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic, which has been applied as a medicine for particular types of infections which are caused by bacteria, like bronchitis (an inflectional disease in the airway forward to the lungs), gonorrhea (a sexually transmitted disease), infections of urinary tract, throat as well as infection in the ear & tonsils [24]. This antibiotic derived semi synthetically (partially man-made) from the aquatic fungus cephalosporium acremonium has antibacterial activity. This beta-lactam antibiotic disrupts the peptidoglycan synthesis to prevent the bacterial cell wall synthesis, hence reducing the bacterial cell wall stability as well as bacterial cell lysis. Most of the bacteria cannot imagine surviving without cell wall. CMT cannot work as medicine for flu, colds, or any viral infection but for bacterial infection. Compared to second-generation cephalosporin, this drug is more sensitive against gram-negative than those of gram-positive bacteria. Like other antibiotics, drugs of these categories also have several objectionable side effects. The side effect of this antibiotic can be minimised or overcome by a good correlation of additives such as surfactant, electrolytes, or drug carrier [25]. The past few decades have shown tremendous curiosity in work related to the interaction between surfactant and drug [26–32]. The impacts of numerous antibiotic drugs on the aggregation nature of surfactants have also been studied and the different solution properties are reported [33–35]. It was also reported that the micellar properties were affected by the presence of salts and solvent compositions [36–38].