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Application of Metabolomics to Discover the Implications of Nanomaterials for Crop Plants
Published in Ramesh Raliya, Nanoscale Engineering in Agricultural Management, 2019
Yuxiong Huang, Lijuan Zhao, Arturo A. Keller
In another study (Keller et al. 2016), lettuce plants were sprayed (foliar exposure) with Kocide, a Cu(OH)2 nanomaterial. Using untargeted GC-TOF-MS, 352 compounds were detected and 159 metabolites were identified. PLS-DA analyses of all detected compounds were performed (Fig. 6), and 42 metabolites had VIP scores > 1, indicating these are the metabolites that play an important role in group separation. These 42 metabolites include carboxylic acids (fumaric, malic, maleic, oxalic, malonic, aconitic acids), amino acids (GABA, beta-alanine, glycine, tryptophan, proline, histidine, citrulline, alanine, aspartic acid, asparagine, oxoproline, serine, glutamic acid), amines (hydroxylamine, nicotianamine, ethanolamine), sugar (lyxose, 1-kestose), fatty acid (behenic acid) and other metabolites. Treated and control plants can be clearly separated via PLS-DA.
Plant Responses and Tolerance to Salt Stress
Published in Hasanuzzaman Mirza, Nahar Kamrun, Fujita Masayuki, Oku Hirosuke, Tofazzal M. Islam, Approaches for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, 2019
Babar Shahzad, Shah Fahad, Mohsin Tanveer, Shah Saud, Imtiaz Ali Khan
Under stress conditions, plants synthesize specific organic compounds, such as sugars, free amino acids, proline and quaternary ammonium compounds, that are regarded as compatible osmolytes (Mansour, 2000; Yang et al., 2003). These osmolytes are synthesized and accumulated in different plant species depending upon the level of stress. There are some quaternary ammonium compounds such as beta-alanine betaine, which is only synthesized in a few members of Plumbaginacease family (Hanson et al., 1994), while amino acids like proline accumulation can be seen in a diverse set of plant species (Saxena et al., 2013). Compatible solute concentration within the cell is maintained either by irreversible synthesis of these compounds or by a combination of both synthesis and degradation. Several genes and biochemical pathways involved in these processes have been thoroughly studied (Jantaro et al., 2003; Slocum et al., 1984; Urano et al., 2003). As the accumulation of their concentration is proportional to the salt stress level, the majority of this osmolyte facilitate to protect the structure of the cells and to maintain osmotic balance via continuous water flux (Hasegawa et al., 2000).
Synthesis and Biodisposition of Dendrimer Composite Nanoparticles
Published in Vladimir Torchilin, Mansoor M Amiji, Handbook of Materials for Nanomedicine, 2011
Lajos P. Balogh, Donald E. Mager, Mohamed K. Khan
The high level of synthetic control makes possible the synthesis of a narrow molecular weight range of well-defined and highly symmetrical dendrimer molecules containing a large number of regularly spaced internal and external functional groups. These groups may be used in chemical reactions to introduce required substituents on the dendrimer termini by design. Both the interior and the exterior can be either hydrophilic (cationic, anionic, or neutral) or hydrophobic, depending on how they are designed and synthesized. Because dendrimers are spherical, in solution they behave as low viscosity Newtonian fluids. In the absence of solvents, dendritic polymers usually collapse. In the presence of various solvents they expand to a size determined by their family and generation.4 Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers contain beta-alanine subunits.82 PAMAM dendrimers undergo many changes in size, shape and flexibility as a function of increasing generations.83 They are small branching molecules at generation zero but evolve to a hard sphere behavior at generation seven.14,22,60 These dendrimers are well characterized and commercially available.
Dietary supplements for consideration in elite female footballers
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Hannah C. Sheridan, Lloyd J. F. Parker, Kelly M. Hammond
Beta-alanine (BA) combines with L-histidine in the muscle to form β-alanyl-L-histidine (carnosine). Previous research has highlighted carnosine of particular interest given that it can act as an intracellular buffer to H+. When comparing baseline intramuscular carnosine levels, females have between 12% and 72% lower levels compared to males. In addition, females often require lower levels of BA supplementation to obtain similar relative increases in carnosine compared to males (Stegen et al., 2014). BA supplementation can delay the onset of muscular fatigue and improve recovery during repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise (Saunders et al., 2017). In females, BA supplementation has been shown to increase time to exhaustion and decrease feelings of perceived exertion (Glenn, Smith, Moyen, Binns, & Gray, 2015). Given the repeated sprint nature of football, it has become increasingly common practice for football players to supplement with BA. Unfortunately, the effects of BA on football-specific protocols are unclear and contradictory. In international youth female footballers, BA supplementation did not attenuate a drop-in exercise intensity over an intense period of training (Ribeiro et al., 2020). Previous research in elite female soccer players found that a combination of BA and plyometric training compared to plyometric training alone did improve a running aerobic sprint test (Rosas et al., 2017). A potential side effect of supplementing with BA is paraesthesia, although harmless, can cause some discomfort to the athletes.
Beta-alanine did not improve high-intensity performance throughout simulated road cycling
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Pedro Perim, Nathan Gobbi, Breno Duarte, Luana Farias de Oliveira, Luiz Augusto Riani Costa, Craig Sale, Bruno Gualano, Eimear Dolan, Bryan Saunders
Carnosine is a histidine-containing dipeptide in skeletal muscle (Harris et al., 2006) that contributes to intracellular buffering capacity (Harris et al., 2006; Painelli et al., 2018). Beta-alanine supplementation is an effective way to increase muscle carnosine content (MCarn) with numerous studies demonstrating oral ingestion of ∼6.4 g·day−1 for 4 weeks can substantially increase content in the m. vastus lateralis (Harris et al., 2006; Hill et al., 2007; Saunders et al., 2017b). Meta-analytical data show beta-alanine to be an effective supplement to improve exercise outcomes on average, and that it is most effective on high-intensity efforts with a duration of 0.5–10 min (Saunders et al., 2017a). Individual studies have shown no effect of beta-alanine on 1-h (Chung, Baguet, Bex, Bishop, & Derave, 2014), 10-km (Bellinger & Minahan, 2016) or 20-km (James et al., 2014) cycling time-trial performance. These endurance exercise protocols required a more continuous, steady-state effort and so did not account for the dynamic nature of road race cycling, wherein cyclists are frequently and transiently required to increase their exercise intensity (Sanders & Heijboer, 2019). Currently, little is known about whether beta-alanine can improve transient higher-intensity efforts when performed within a more prolonged protocol. This information has substantial practical application given the essentiality of such efforts within endurance events such as road cycling. A single study reported that beta-alanine improved final sprint performance following an intermittent cycling protocol, which more accurately reflected the fluctuating power outputs required during a road race (Van Thienen et al., 2009), demonstrating the ergogenic potential of beta-alanine at key high-intensity periods throughout endurance cycling. Beta-alanine might also positively influence other dynamic actions that are common during prolonged cycling stages with different profiles, such as short-duration intermittent sprints or mountain climbs (Sanders & Heijboer, 2019), by resisting severe intracellular pH changes and enhancing the capacity of the muscle to sustain these higher-intensity efforts. No study to date has investigated this.