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Amino Acids and Vitamin Production
Published in Debabrata Das, Soumya Pandit, Industrial Biotechnology, 2021
Amino acids are compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. They fill in as monomers or building squares and are made out of amino, carboxyl, hydrogen atoms, and a distinctive side chain, all attached to a carbon molecule, the alpha carbon. In an alpha-amino acid, the amino and carboxylate bunches are connected to a similar carbon particle, which is known as the alpha carbon. The different alpha-amino acids contrast depending on the side chain (R gathering) connected to their alpha carbon. All amino acids are known to be active optically except glycine. Optically active mixes can pivot the plane of captivated light either clockwise or counter-clockwise. Optically active aggravates that turn the plane of captured light clockwise are said to be dextrorotatory while those that pivot the plane of captivated light counter-clockwise are said to be levorotatory. Different types of amino acids are found in the body; however, 20 are required for the process of protein synthesis. They generally are of two types i.e. essential as well as non-essential amino acids. Amino acids that can be synthesized by our body and are not essential to be present or supplied through food are called non-essential amino acids such as alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, proline, serine and tyrosine. Amino acids that cannot be synthesized in our body in sufficient quantity and need to be supplied through diet are called essential amino acids such as histidine, leucine, isoleucine etc. (Bender, 2012).
New Dosimetry Materials, Devices, and Systems
Published in Siyong Kim, John Wong, Advanced and Emerging Technologies in Radiation Oncology Physics, 2018
Alanine dosimetry systems, often referred to as electron spin resonance (ESR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), or electron magnetic resonance (EMR) dosimetry, exhibit sensitivity over a wide dose range, a high degree of precision, linear dose dependence, energy and dose rate independence, and tissue equivalence. Alanine is among the simplest of amino acids (2-aminopropanoic acid). Consisting of a methyl (CH3), carboxylic (COOH), and amino (NH2) groups bound to a central carbon atom, in addition to a hydrogen atom, the methyl is the distinguishing feature of alanine from other amino acids. Alanine is pressed in the form of rods, pellets, films, and cables.
Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
Published in Michael B. Smith, A Q&A Approach to Organic Chemistry, 2020
The IUPAC name for glycine is 2-aminoethanoic acid. Alanine is 2-aminopropanoic acid. Phenylalanine is 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid. Leucine is 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid. Serine is 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid. Aspartic acid is 2-amino-1,4-butanedioic acid. Glutamic acid is 2-amino-1,5-pentanedioic acid and lysine is 2,5-diaminohexanoic acid. What are essential amino acids?
A review on synthesis and applications of some selected Schiff bases with their transition metal complexes
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2022
Attia Kanwal, Bushra Parveen, Rizwan Ashraf, Noman Haider, Kulsoom Ghulam Ali
A new set of oxovanadium salicylediene amino acid Schiff base complexes were obtained by using Na salicylaldehyde-5-sulfonate with glycine, leucine or alanine in aqueous phase and tryptophan or leucine in pyridine with vanadyl acetylacentonate (Figure 8(a) and (b)) [59]. All oxovanadium complexes have high toxicity, except oxovanadium (VO) complex with leucine in aqueous medium, which is less toxic and could be used for humans. Superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) techniques were employed to examine antioxidant action of the complexes. According to SOD study, all oxovanadium complexes suppressed the formation of superoxide anion radicals. SOD activity was particularly high in oxovanadium complexes with glycine (VOHL3), alanine (VOHL1) and leucine (VOHL2) with inhibitory percentages of 91, 87, and 85%, respectively. The inhibitory values for oxovanadium complex with tryptophan ((VOHLpy1) and leucine (VOHLpy2) were 65 and 59%, respectively (Figure 8). As with the DPPH radical activity, VOHL3 showed strong antioxidant activity (55%) compared to the other VO complexes.
Protein–based electrospun nanofibers: electrospinning conditions, biomedical applications, prospects, and challenges
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Md Nur Uddin, Md. Jobaer, Sajjatul Islam Mahedi, Ayub Ali
Extraction of zein protein from maize seed and categorizing it as such Prolamines (α and δ) and glutelins (β and γ). Zein protein demonstrates huge glutamic acid, proline, alanine, and leucine, thus, showing the hydrophobic nature (Labib, 2018). Ortiz–Sánchez reported that because of its hydrophobic nature, Immunogenic genes might be present in zein (Ortiz-Sánchez et al., 2013). Takagi and Hurtado–López revealed controversial results while they studied intramuscular and oral; zein’s tertiary structure is still a mystery; despite its widespread use, it cannot be found in protein databank. However, since the lack of nutritional value, it is not recommended for consumption (Hurtado-López & Murdan, 2006; Takagi et al., 2003). This is because of the amino acids lysine and tryptophan deficiency, essential to human nutrition.
Effects of different phosphorus concentrations on growth and biochemical composition of Desmodesmus communis (E.Hegewald) E.Hegewald
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2021
Rıza Akgül, Füsun Akgül, İnci Tüney Kızılkaya
Lachmann et al.[34] stated that major differences in amino acid values between P limited and exceeded medium and alanine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine, valine content increased in P limited conditions. Besides, they claimed that nitrogen types (NO−3 or NH4+) affects the speed of transformation of nitrogen into amino acids. Wurch et al.[35] reported that P limitation in A. anophagefferens causes a repression in nitrogen metabolism and also amino acid metabolism is affected by P deficiency. Alipanah et al.[36] researched transcriptomic analyses of Phaeodactylum tricornutum in different culture conditions and they stated that photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and related amino acid synthesis were repressed by P deprivation.