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Biochemical Indices of Fatigue for Anti-fatigue Strategies and Products
Published in Gerald Matthews, Paula A. Desmond, Catherine Neubauer, P.A. Hancock, The Handbook of Operator Fatigue, 2017
Yasuyoshi Watanabe, Hirohiko Kuratsune, Osami Kajimoto
As has previously been mentioned, metabolic processes may produce damaging oxidative molecules such as free radicals. 8-Oxo-deoxy-guanosine (8-OH-dG) (Asami et al., 1998; Shigenaga, Gimeno & Ames, 1989) and 8-isoprostane (Roberts & Morrow, 1994) in the tissues and urine are good biomarkers of moderate to severe exercise fatigue, due to DNA damage and lipid peroxidation, respectively. Lipid peroxidation refers to chemical changes in lipids such as fatty acids, which may lead to oxidative cell damage. We utilized both 8-OH-dG and 8-isoprostane for the development of an anti-fatigue food or drink component. For example, imidazole dipeptides, carnosine and anserine showed great antifatigue effects if they were taken before exercise, through the mechanisms of reduction of oxidative stress and immunosuppressive cytokine production, which resulted in lowering performance loss and fatigue sensation (Tanaka, Shigihara et al., 2008, as shown in Figure 14.3. (Cytokines are proteins important for communication between cells that modulate the functioning of the immune system, among other functions). Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and vitamin E levels also decreased in the peripheral tissues, mostly in the liver and kidney, after the fatigue load in animals, but their concentrations in the plasma and brain were constant, probably due to a compensatory process associated with the peripheral tissues.
Nanotechnology in Functional Foods and Their Packaging
Published in Alok Dhawan, Sanjay Singh, Ashutosh Kumar, Rishi Shanker, Nanobiotechnology, 2018
Satnam Singh, Shivendu Ranjan, Nandita Dasgupta, Chidambaram Ramalingam
Certain ingredients with high nutritional value are prone to degradation due to processing steps. For example, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are easily oxidized, so they require both stabilization procedures and protection against deterioration factors (Ruxton et al. 2004, Lavie et al. 2009). Zimet et al. (2011) developed casein nanostructures and reformed casein micelles that showed a remarkable protective effect against docosahexaenoic acid oxidation, up to 37 days at 4°C (Zimet et al. 2011). BioDelivery Sciences International has developed the Bioral™ nanocochleate nutrient delivery system, which is a phosphatidylserine carrier (∼50 nm) derived from soya beans (GRAS status). This system has been used for protecting micronutrients and antioxidants from degradation during manufacture and storage (Chaudhry and Groves 2010). Recently, natural dipeptide antioxidants (e.g., L-carnosine) have been used as bi preservatives in food technology. However, their direct application in food is not possible, as they are unstable and may lead to proteolytic degradation and a potential interaction of peptide with food components. Maherani et al. (2012) have successfully encapsulated these natural antioxidant peptides by nanoliposomes to overcome the limitations related to the direct application in food. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) has low oral bioavailability, which does not allow it to reach its therapeutic concentration easily (Maherani et al. 2012). Ankola et al. (2007) demonstrated the potential of nanotechnology in improving the therapeutic value of molecules like CoQ10, facilitating its usage as a first-line therapeutic agent for prophylaxis of consumers for better health. Biodegradable polymeric nanostructures based on poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), using quaternary ammonium salt didodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide as a stabilizer, are also developed for this purpose (Ankola et al. 2007). To deliver safe nanofoods, nanoadditives or stabilizers used in nanofoods should be of natural grade—which will ultimately support the delivery of safe nanofoods.
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
Published in W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 2016
W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno
N-(D-1-Carboxyethyl)-LOctopine arginine L--Carboxyglutamic acid S-(Carboxymethyl)-L-cysteine Carbocysteine 2-Carboxyphenyl Salsalate 2-hydroxybenzoate 3-Carene, (+) Carisoprodol Carminic acid Carnitine Carnosine 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid trimethylbetaine N--Alanyl-L-histidine
Beta-alanine did not improve high-intensity performance throughout simulated road cycling
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Pedro Perim, Nathan Gobbi, Breno Duarte, Luana Farias de Oliveira, Luiz Augusto Riani Costa, Craig Sale, Bruno Gualano, Eimear Dolan, Bryan Saunders
Muscle biopsies (∼100 mg) were taken from the mid-section of the m. vastus lateralis using a 5-mm biopsy Allandale needle (Northern Hospital Supplies, Edinburgh, UK) (Neves et al., 2012). Samples were flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C for later analysis. Analysis of whole muscle carnosine content was subsequently performed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (Hitachi; Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) coupled to a UV detector according to the method described by Mora et al. (Mora, Sentandreu, & Toldra, 2007). We have previously reported the extraction and analysis methods to have a variability of 4.0 and 2.5% (Saunders et al., 2017b).
Carnosine in health and disease
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2019
Guilherme Giannini Artioli, Craig Sale, Rebecca Louise Jones
Carnosine and its analogues (anserine and balenine) are naturally-occurring histidine-containing dipeptides (HCDs) expressed in different tissues, such as skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, kidneys, and some regions of the brain. Roles of HCDs include: neutralisation of reactive species, detoxification and acid-base regulation.