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Homo Sapiens (“Us”): Strengths and Weaknesses
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
Touch, or somatosensation, also called tactition or mechanoreception, is a perception resulting from activation of neural receptors, generally in the skin, including hair follicles, but also in the tongue, throat, and mucosa. Numerous pressure receptors respond to variations in pressure and are able to detect firm, “brushing,” and sustained forms of pressure. The touch sense of itching caused by insect bites or allergies involves special itch-specific neurons in the skin and spinal cord. Loss or impairment of the ability to feel anything touched are referred to as tactile anesthesia. Paresthesia is a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness of the skin that may result from (permanent or temporary) nerve damage.
Homo Sapiens (“Us”): Strengths and Weaknesses
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Our Animal Connection, 2019
Touch, or somatosensation, also called tactition or mechanoreception, is a perception resulting from activation of neural receptors, generally in the skin, including hair follicles, but also in the tongue, throat, and mucosa. Numerous pressure receptors respond to variations in pressure and are able to detect firm, “brushing,” and sustained forms of pressure. The touch sense of itching caused by insect bites or allergies involves special itch-specific neurons in the skin and spinal cord. Loss or impairment of the ability to feel anything touched are referred to as tactile anesthesia. Paresthesia is a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness of the skin that may result from (permanent or temporary) nerve damage.
Burst and high frequency stimulation: underlying mechanism of action
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Shaheen Ahmed, Thomas Yearwood, Dirk De Ridder, Sven Vanneste
A rational way to characterize the stimulation paradigm, including the amplitude, charge per pulse, and the current delivered to the spinal cord, was first described in a report comparing burst SCS with conventional stimulation [21]. For burst stimulation, a low amplitude may exert a suppressing effect while increasing the amplitude may actually be detrimental. The burst waveform delivers pulses at an HF and at an amplitude much lower than tonic stimulation. The average amplitude for burst stimulation is 0.6 mA, ranging from 0.05–1.6 mA, which is significantly lower than the average amplitude for tonic stimulation, i.e. 3.1 mA, ranging from 0.5–3.9 mA. In fact, a recent study involving burst and tonic SCS demonstrated that in a large population, very low amplitudes (0.1 mA) are beneficial [50]. However, the amplitude impacts both the number of fibers recruited and the intensity of paresthesia. Thus, it is necessary to optimize the stimulation paradigm so as to achieve pain suppression without inducing paresthesia.