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Role of Nanostructures in Inhibition and Treatment of Viral Infections
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Pavani Sanapala, Sudhakar Pola
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is caused by the herpes virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. HSV is distinguished into three different types based on the subfamilies (α, β, and γ). All types of viruses of the family exhibit life-long latency based on different cell types and tissues, where later reactivation results in symptomatic or asymptomatic infections. A range of nanomedicines is at present under study for the management of herpetic infections. Infection caused by HSV is not curable; however, studies targeted the inhibition of the replication process of virus followed by damaging the epithelial cells by therapeutic agents with modifications through nanoformulations. The therapeutic agents that are frequently in use for HSV are acyclovir, ganciclovir, and famciclovir.
Novel RNA Interference (RNAi)-Based Nanomedicines for Treating Viral Infections
Published in Dan Peer, Handbook of Harnessing Biomaterials in Nanomedicine, 2021
Nyree Maes, Skye Zeller, Priti Kumar
HSV-2 is a sexually transmitted viral infection, which often produces painful sores, usually in the genital area. It has been estimated that 536 million people are infected with HSV-2 globally [82]. Suppressive antiviral drugs like valacyclovir effectively minimize symptoms and reduce the risk of viral transmission during a symptomatic outbreak. However, the mostly asymptomatic nature of HSV-2 infections is a huge cause for concern as HSV-2 is also an important cofactor for transmission of the HIV. People infected with HSV-2 are twice as likely to become infected with HIV and four times as likely to transmit HIV to others [19]. A topical microbicide with the ability to protect against HSV-2 at the site of infection is expected to contribute significantly to controlling HSV-2 and HIV transmission.
Pulmonary complications of bone-marrow and stem-cell transplantation
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Bekele Afessa, Andrew D Badley, Steve G Peters
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 is a common cause of vesicular lesions of the oral mucosa. HSV-2 commonly affects genital mucosa. In immunocompromised patients, HSV can also cause severe involvement of the genitalia, liver, lung, eye and central nervous system. Although HSV-1 is the more common, HSV-2 can also cause pneumonia in HSCT recipients.39
Repurposing pharmaceutical excipients as an antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Manisha Malani, Prerana Salunke, Shraddha Kulkarni, Gaurav K. Jain, Afsana Sheikh, Prashant Kesharwani, Jayabalan Nirmal
A study demonstrated that the SARS-CoV enters in Vero-E6 cells via lipid rafts. Ninety percent of infectivity of pseudotyped SARS-CoV was inhibited by MβCD-treatment [123]. Further a study showed that methyl beta cyclodextrin has the potential to reduce the infection of SARS-CoV on pretreated Vero-E6 epithelial cells [124]. Moreover, a study proposed that cyclodextrins can mimic as heparan sulfates when modified with mercaptoundecane sulfonic acid and can act as nontoxic virucidal agent. They are effective antivirals against Respiratory syncytial virus in respiratory tissue culture models and Herpes simplex virus-2 in vaginal tissue culture models [125]. Moreover, they are also effective in mice when administered prior to intra-vaginal Herpes simplex virus-2 inoculation [125].
Evaluation of Proximate Composition, Antioxidant Properties, and Phylogenetic Analysis of Two Edible Seaweeds
Published in Smart Science, 2020
Rathinam Raja, Shanmugam Hemaiswarya, Sekaran Sridhar, Arun Alagarsamy, Venkatesan Ganesan, Sanniyasi Elumalai, Isabel S Carvalho
The percentage of moisture content is lower in G. corticata. This finding is very close to the results [2], which also recorded moisture level of the edible algae, Gracilaria gracilis ranged from 8 g/100 g. Carbohydrates were the key element in the proximate composition of all the macroalgae tested. The amount of carbohydrate ranged from 5.72 g/100 g in G.corticata to 3.24 g/100 g in H.opuntia. The carbohydrate in G. corticata is considerably higher compared to H. opuntia. It is remarkable that between the seaweeds, red algae hold high amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals [2,22]. Sulfated polysaccharides extracted from G. corticata were identified with a potent biological activity like antioxidant and antibacterial activities [23]. These sulfated galactans exhibited selective antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 [24]. The analysis of G. salicornia and G. corticata revealed that tannins, sterols, and triterpenes were the most abundant compounds with similar total phenolic content and cytotoxic against the HT-29 cell line. The crude methanolic extract taken from G. corticata is the best antioxidant source, and had significant anticancer activity on cancer cell lines MCF7, Hep-G2, and the normal VERO cell lines [25]. The G. corticata was shown to enhance immunity in shrimp administered with gamma-irradiated white spot syndrome virus [26].
Optimization of non-detergent treatment for enveloped virus inactivation using the Taguchi design of experimental methodology (DOE)
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2019
Roya Khosravi, Seyed Nezamedin Hosseini, Amin Javidanbardan, Maryam Khatami, Hooman Kaghazian, Seyed Dawood Mousavi Nasab
For evaluating the efficacy of viral clearance methods often a model virus, representing similar infectious viruses in terms of structure, is selected.[11,12,25] Herpes virus, ranging from 150 to 200 nm in diameter with large DNA, is one of the mainly used models for enveloped viruses.[24,26,27] Among various herpes viruses, Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) and Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2) are the most common contagious pathogens in humans.[24,26,27] In addition to the model virus, type of cell-line should be specified as well. The Vero cell-line derived from African Green Monkey Fibroblast Cells is one of the standard cell lines which is commonly used for the production of viral vaccines.[28–30] These cells grow in a medium adherent to the bottom of the culture vessel (dependent on the support), and by reaching the optimum cell density, they form confluent monolayers on the surface.[28]