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Designing for Foot and Ankle Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Contact and abrasion from footwear can cause blisters, calluses, and corns on the skin of the foot. Blisters are the result of shearing, compression, and scraping forces leading to mechanical separation between the epidermis and dermis. The separation can then fill with fluid forming a blister (Van Tiggelen, Wickes, Coorevits, Dumalin, & Witvrouw, 2009). Blisters may form very quickly. Mailler and Adams (2004) state that blisters are the most common complaint of runners. It has been suggested that socks offer a means to reduce blister formation. However, the effects of sock friction on foot skin are unclear. Tasron, Thurston, and Carré (2015) tested sock/skin friction using human subjects. They measured the friction generated by the dry plantar surface of the foot sliding against five running sock materials and found no consistent friction differences. They concluded that the natural variation of a person’s skin has more effect on friction levels than the knit pattern or fiber types. The numerous possible combinations of individual foot variations, shoe/boot options, and sock choices further complicate the understanding of effects of friction on foot skin.
First Aid and Ambulance Work
Published in Debi Prasad Tripathy, Mine Safety Science and Engineering, 2019
Don’tsDo not apply extreme water pressure to the burn area.Do not forcefully remove the cloth that is stuck to the burn area.Do not break blisters.Do not apply ice, butter, oil, or ointment that can cause infection to the burn area.
Study on influence factors of asphalt mixtures pavement blistering on Portland cement concrete bridge deck
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2021
Hongying Liu, Gaoang Yuan, Qiang Zhang, Peiwen Hao, Shi Dong, Haiwei Zhang
Blisters, as one important damage to bridge deck asphalt pavements, have always been investigated in recent years (Fini and Al-Qadi 2011, Hailesilassie and Partl 2013). It is generally recognised that the primary cause of the blister is the internal pressure produced by gas-forming materials trapped underneath the waterproofing layer, such as moisture, water and other volatile liquid. The gas-forming material vaporises and expands at elevated temperature. When the expanded gas cannot escape in a short period, the waterproof bonding layer will be locally debonded with the deck or asphalt concrete layer and the asphalt layer surface will be lifted up, then it will lead to the formation and propagation of the blister, as shown in Figure 1(a). With the combined action of loads and environmental conditions, cracks will be further induced on pavements surface, as shown in Figure 1(b) (Zhang et al.2016a, 2016b).