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Africa 
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Antimalarial and Other Antiparasitic Drugs
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
There are only two recognized drugs for Chagas disease, nifurtimox and benznidazole, both of which were introduced prior to 1960. Neither of the drugs is approved by the US FDA, and they can only be obtained in the United States from the CDC under “investigational drug” protocols. Only benznidazole is currently available commercially. These drugs have limited effectiveness and significant side effects. They can be effective if administered during the acute phase, but have little effect on the dormant or chronic phases. The modes of action of both drugs seem to involve in vivo reduction of the nitro group that provides the active species. There are several other biochemical targets that have been identified but no satisfactory drugs have been found.
Therapeutical potential of metal complexes of quinoxaline derivatives: a review
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2022
Chrisant William Kayogolo, Maheswara Rao Vegi, Bajarang Bali Lal Srivastava, Mtabazi Geofrey Sahini
Varela et al. [67] attempted to improve on anti-trypanosomal activity of 3-aminoquinoxaline-2-carbonitrile 1,4-dioxides by complexing it to Sb(III) (compounds 121‒123 in Figure 37). The complexes were synthesized and characterized by various spectroanalytical methods and assed for their in vitro anti-T. Cruz activity of Tulahuen 2 strain. Unlike 123, complexation to Sb(III) increase the antitrypanosomicidal activity of the ligand 2 to 12 fold with PGI values of 52%, 61%, and 0.00% for 121, 122, and 123, respectively, compared to nifurtimox and benznidazole standard drugs which produce 100% PGI. The inactivity of 123 was linked to its poor solubility in biological settings. The high activity of 122 was from good solubility and based on SAR studies to the low energy separation gap (-0.61 eV) which makes it easy for bio-reduction. The structural similarities revealed 122 to have aromatic hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding centers that are responsible for its increased biological activity [67].