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Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
Published in Michael B. Smith, A Q&A Approach to Organic Chemistry, 2020
The IUPAC name for glycine is 2-aminoethanoic acid. Alanine is 2-aminopropanoic acid. Phenylalanine is 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid. Leucine is 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid. Serine is 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid. Aspartic acid is 2-amino-1,4-butanedioic acid. Glutamic acid is 2-amino-1,5-pentanedioic acid and lysine is 2,5-diaminohexanoic acid. What are essential amino acids?
Enzyme Catalysis
Published in Harvey W. Blanch, Douglas S. Clark, Biochemical Engineering, 1997
Harvey W. Blanch, Douglas S. Clark
Aspartic acid is a component of the sweetener Aspartame and is produced by the action of aspartase on fumaric acid and ammonia. The enzyme is present in immobilized cells of E. coli and the reaction is conducted in a continuous operation with a high conversion of fumaric acid to aspartic acid (90-95%). The reaction is
Valorization of Hemicelluloses
Published in Jean-Luc Wertz, Magali Deleu, Séverine Coppée, Aurore Richel, Hemicelluloses and Lignin in Biorefineries, 2017
Jean-Luc Wertz, Magali Deleu, Séverine Coppée, Aurore Richel
Table 9.5 presents the major C4 building blocks: The C4 platform molecules include the succinic, maleic, and fumaric acids. Succinic acid is a widely investigate building block available from biochemical transformation of sugars. A process based on recombinant E. coli has been licensed by Roquette and is part of a Roquette/DSM joint venture. An alternative E. coli strain originally developed by the U.S. Department of Energy has been licensed by Bioamber, which recently commissioned a production facility. Maleic and fumaric acids, which are available from dehydrogenation/cyclization of succinic acid, have a chemistry similar to that of succinic acid. Succinate esters are precursors for petrochemical products such as 1,4-butanediol, tetrahydrofuran, γ-butyrolactone, or various pyrrolidone derivatives. Succinic is a component of biobased polymers such as nylons and polyesters.Aspartic acid is one of the 22 genetically coded 22 amino acids.45 It is an essential part of metabolism among many species, including humans, for protein production.28 There are several configurations of aspartic acid produced; however, L-aspartic is by far the most common. L-aspartic acid is mainly used for the production of aspartame, a synthetic sweetener.Isobutanol is one of the isomers of butanol. It is very used not only as solvent in chemical reactions but also as reactive in organic synthesis.46 It is naturally produced during sugar fermentation. It is also a byproduct of the decomposition of organic matter. Isobutanol is an important building block with applications in several chemicals and fuels markets. The company Gevo has a partnership with Coca-Cola to produce paraxylene (a precursor of terephthalic acid, representing 70% of PET47) from biobased isobutanol, for the production of 100% biobased PET bottles.1,4-butanediol results from the catalytic conversion of succinic acid, from sugar fermentation or from catalytic conversion of γ-butyrolactone. It leads to THF (tetrahydrofuran) and to PBT (polybutylene terephthalate). 3-hydroxybutyrolactone is obtained chemically in particular by oxidative degradation of starch.28 Hydroxybutyrolactone can lead to various lactone and tetrahydrofuran derivatives.Furan is mainly obtained by decarboxylation of furfural. It is a precursor in fine chemistry. It leads to tetrahydrofuran by hydrogenation.
Optimising hydrodynamic conditions for inhibiting scale deposition on metal surfaces in the presence of aspartic acid
Published in Indian Chemical Engineer, 2022
Shahid Z. Ansari, Aniruddha B. Pandit
Aspartic acid is α-amino Acid, containing carboxylic (–COOH) groups and 1 primary amine group (–NH2). The presence of 2-carboxylic acids groups and 1 primary amine group in aspartic acid is useful in many of the bio-protein synthesis processes and other fields. Apart from playing an important role in the biosynthesis of proteins [1], Aspartic acid and its derivatives are used in many other applications, such as food, pharma, medical sciences, superabsorbent, and in the synthesis of urea [2–4]. A substantial amount of work has been reported claiming Poly(aspartic) acid and its derivatives as cheap and biodegradable anti-scaling agents [4,5]. Researchers have independently evaluated the inhibitory effect of different carboxylic acids such as citric acid, ellagic acid, fulvic acid, humic acid, glutamic acid, etc. [6]. However, work on the evaluation of scale inhibition properties of Aspartic acid is lacking. Hence, it is worth studying the inhibition properties of the monomer itself. The use of monomer is energy, time and cost-effective. Molecular weight, type of charge and density of charge present on the molecule are crucial in determining the antiscaling behaviour [7]. The solubility of scale-forming salts reduces at higher temperatures [8]. An increase in turbulence enhance mass transfer rate causing an increase in the rate of nucleation and crystal growth [9]. Hence, exploring the inhibitory behaviour of a compound at higher temperatures and turbulence is important. The inhibitory effect of Aspartic acid is studied at different operating conditions.
The possible role of the seaweed Sargassum vulgare as a promising functional food ingredient minimizing aspartame-associated toxicity in rats
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Rasha Y. M. Ibrahim, Huda B. I. Hammad, Alaa A. Gaafar, Abdullah A. Saber
Generally, ASP is rapidly and thoroughly metabolized into phenylalanine (50%), aspartic acid (40%), and methanol (10%) by gut esterases and peptidases (Renwick 1985). Phenylalanine has been documented to mediate and/or exacerbate hepatic encephalopathy (Hertelendy et al. 1993), and also can be accumulated in the blood of patients suffering from phenylketonuria (PKU), leading to many health problems such as intellectual disability, seizures, behavioral problems, and mental disorders (Erlandsen et al. 2003). Concerning aspartic acid, it has recently been reported that in high concentrations it acts as a toxin that causes hyperexcitability of neurons, inflicting damage on brain and nerve cells (Rycerz and Jaworska-Adamu 2013). Furthermore, recently published review of Choudhary and Lee (2018) on aspartame metabolites showed that phenylalanine, and its interaction with neurotransmitter, and aspartic acid are fundamentally responsible for altering the brain neurochemical composition. As concerns the third by-product ‘methanol’, it has been documented to have a little bit low toxicity but its produced metabolites ‘formaldehyde and formate’ are considered very toxic (Choudhary and Pretorius 2017). The process of formation of these toxic metabolites is usually accompanied by overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) basically involved in lipid peroxidation (Parthasarathy et al. 2006), and also induce mitochondrial damages and increased microsomal proliferation, leading to cell toxicity (Humphries et al. 2008). Nowadays, limited utilization of synthetic sweeteners, like aspartame, as food additives has highly been recommended due to the diverse allegations related to their oxidative damages and toxicities on different systemic organs, induction of carcinogenicity and foetus malformations, and therefore it is becoming increasingly imperative to find out and exploit other alternative, natural, and safe food additives (Carocho et al. 2014). Additionally, consumers nowadays prefer natural antioxidant food additives than their synthetic analogues due to their health-keeping safety and distinctly intensive roles in disease prevention (Carocho et al. 2015; Nimse and Pal 2015).