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Organic Chemistry Nomenclature
Published in Arthur W. Hounslow, Water Quality Data, 2018
Structural isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula, but with a different carbon skeleton, that is, amount of branching. They contain four or more carbons. For example, butane may consist of a normal (η-butane) straight chain or a branched (iso-butane) isomer. Another type of branching is designated neo. The numbers of possible isomers for a variety of carbon atoms is shown in Table 7.3. The compounds described above are straight- or branched-chain compounds called aliphatic compounds. These alkanes are commonly called paraffins.
Biomass Chemistry
Published in Jay J. Cheng, Biomass to Renewable Energy Processes, 2017
Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are examples of aliphatic compounds, which are characterized by the fact that electron pairs in the molecules either belong to a single atom or are shared between a pair of atoms. Compounds in which some electron pairs cannot be assigned to a specific atom or pair of atoms are termed aromatic compounds. These compounds typically contain a conjugated ring of alternating single and double bonds.
Prospective evaluation of hydrocarbon generation potential of Umarsar lignite, India
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
A. K. Singh, D. Mohanty, H. M. Jena, Deepak Singh Panwar
The Petrographic investigation is essential for the determination of maceral composition and for assessing hydrocarbon generation potential of coal. The huminite reflectance (0.23–0.28%) demonstrate its low maturity. Huminite and liptinite are considered as significant source of gas and oil-prone (Sahu, Chaurasia, and Nikkam 2018). The Umarsar lignite is dominated by huminite maceral which varies from 70.34% to 81.50% (Table 2). The Inertinite is less abundant and ranges from 2.12% to 3.67% on the mineral matter free basis. Liptinite is an important criterion for hydrocarbon generation from coal (Hakimi and Abdullah 2013; Mukhopadhyay, Hatcher, and Calder 1991) and it generally has a higher aliphatic compound. It is easily broken when heated, with higher volatile content and exhibits good oil potential. The volume of liptinite in coal samples is sufficient (>15%) for hydrocarbon generation and it varies from 15.53% to 27.05%. Ternary diagram shows maceral group composition of the coal samples (Figure 3). Umarsar lignite has a rich concentration of reactive macerals (96.33% to 97.88%) which is required for hydrocarbon generation (Davis, Spackman, and Given 1976). The empirical equations of Guyot (1978) and Jin and Shi (1997) are also used to assess the conversion of coal into oil and oil-yield.
Energy from biomass and plastics recycling: a review
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2021
Samuel Oluwafikayo Adegoke, Adekunle Akanni Adeleke, Peter Pelumi Ikubanni, Chiebuka Timothy Nnodim, Ayokunle Olubusayo Balogun, Olugbenga Adebanjo Falode, Seun Olawumi Adetona
The first compression ignition engine using biodiesel was first brought to light far back in the 19th century by Dr. Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel with the use of peanut (Lujaji et al., 2010). It was exhibited in Paris but less attention was given to it due to the bearable price of diesel fuel (Hossein et al., 2019; Senthilkumar et al., 2018). However, from the initial energy scarcity in the 1970s and oil shock in 2008, the interest of people has been shifted to its production. Viscosity, cleanliness, sulphur content, volatility, ignition quality, and cold flow properties were the properties to be considered when selecting a good diesel. Cloud point, pour point, and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) are referred to as cold flow properties. Diesel has an aliphatic compound with carbon presence from 8 to 28 per molecule, while biomass such as jatropha oil has about 16 to 18 carbon atoms/molecule (Islam et al., 2011). Diesel’s particulate emission include ash, sulphate/water, carbon, unburned fuel and unburned HC in 14, 13, 41, 7, and 25% quantity, respectively (Agarwal et al., 2015). Diesel is a widely used engine fuel sequel to its reliability, cost-effectiveness, high efficiency among others. However, at a colder temperature, the solubility of this fuel decreases. At higher cold temperatures, it forms wax and extends into the filter orifice causing a blockage (Subhaschandra et al., 2021). The pour point can be improved upon to prevent this undesired occurrence at lower temperatures. Therefore, the production of biodiesel has less particulate emission due to the high content of elemental carbon and lower presence of organic compound, which can work at low temperatures (as low as—40°C) and would not lose its stability (Oseh et al., 2019).
Eco-friendly approach for efficient catalytic degradation of organic dyes through peroxymonosulfate activated with pistachio shell-derived biochar and activated carbon
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Ali Gholami, Fakhreddin Mousavinia
It seems that at higher temperatures the porosity increases related to the conversion of aliphatic compound to aromatic compound [54]. In this process, increasing the activation temperature (800°C) of pistachio shell reduces the yield of the activated carbons. This is predicted because the content of volatile compounds is raised when activation temperature is increased to 800°C. These are also exhibited the decrease of volatile content and increase of fixed carbon by increasing the activation temperature. The SEM image and EDAX pattern of ACP-800, prepared at various ratios of oxalate to pistachio shell, are presented in Figure 1. The surface morphology characteristics of the ACP-800, applied as a natural activator, were evaluated through SEM images. Figure 1(A–C) shows the smooth and closed surface texture of the ACP-800, and also the free space of the cavities related to the lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose of organic components [54]. There is a good possibility for oxidant and dye molecules to be trapped and degraded. In fact, the porous nature and presence of cavities on the surface of samples is useful for the trapped process for dye degradation. ACP activators applied in this investigation were produced by impregnating pistachio nut shell with a different ratio of K2C2O4.H2O and then activated at 800°C. Initially, increasing the amount of K2C2O4.H2O diminishes the weight loss of the activated carbon related to the inhibition of tar generation by K2C2O4.H2O, leading to increased carbon yield [54,62,63]. Based on the above results, the performance of ACP-800 (1+2) is presumably higher than those of ACP-800 (1+1.5) and ACP-800 (1+1).