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Applications of Silica-Based Nanomaterials for Combinatorial Drug Delivery in Breast Cancer Treatment
Published in Yasser Shahzad, Syed A.A. Rizvi, Abid Mehmood Yousaf, Talib Hussain, Drug Delivery Using Nanomaterials, 2022
Mubin Tarannum, Juan L. Vivero-Escoto
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women, with 30% of all new cancer diagnoses and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in the USA (Kucharczyk et al. 2017). Currently, BC is divided into subtypes based on the molecular heterogeneity: estrogen/progesterone receptor, HER2 receptor, luminal A, luminal B and, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). These receptors serve as markers for diagnosis and targeted hormonal therapies. The molecular subtype of BC is an important prognostic variable along with tumor size and nodal size which impact the prognosis and influence the decision making in BC treatment (Prat et al. 2015). For example, the HER2-positive and basal-like subtypes are typically aggressive and suffer from poor outcomes, whereas the Luminal A tumors showed better outcomes. Traditionally, BC therapy involves a multimodal strategy including neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy accompanied with adjuvant chemotherapy and/or endocrine therapy (Sachdev and Jahanzeb 2016). Systemic neoadjuvant therapy, mostly chemotherapy, may decrease the tumor burden to increase the possibility of surgery usually provides greater chances for breast-conservating surgery. Adjuvant therapy involves local radiation, systemic chemotherapy, molecular targeted therapies, or their combination (Kucharczyk et al. 2017). Adjuvant systemic chemotherapy is a mainstay in the clinic for controlling the disease and improving survival as well as chemotherapy remains the core treatment for metastatic breast cancer (Sachdev and Jahanzeb 2016).
Mammographic Screening and Breast Cancer Management – Part 1
Published in Sandeep Reddy, Artificial Intelligence, 2020
‘Breast cancer’ in fact represents a heterogeneous group of disorders. Not only can the breast cancer of one person be very different from that of another, but the cellular features and extent of one person’s cancer can vary over space and time (Pareja et al., 2017). There is a wide variation in patient age, comorbidities, overall general health, preferences, and priorities. The treatment options and prognosis also vary considerably between patients. A multidisciplinary team of surgeons, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, radiologists, cancer nurses, and others devise treatment options to offer a given patient after considering and discussing all factors known to affect prognosis and treatment. Specifically, the risk of metastases and local cancer recurrence are considered. In addition, hormonal status, evidence of cancer in axillary lymph nodes, and numerous histological features are examined to classify cancer and predict prognosis and treatment response. Ultimately, patients choose combinations of treatment options based on the likely impact their cancer and the treatment will have on their quality of life and life expectancy, after advice from their treating team. For non-metastatic breast cancer, surgery remains the primary treatment for the majority of patients. Many patients choose to conserve as much healthy breast tissue as possible. Treatment must balance conserving healthy breast tissue and avoiding unnecessary intervention with removing all cancer and the associated risk of recurrence (Gradishar et al., 2018). ‘Adjuvant therapy’ refers to additional treatment(s) given after the removal of diseased tissue by surgery. Adjuvant therapies used to treat breast cancer include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy (e.g., Trastuzumab), and these are increasingly personalized (Chan et al., 2017).
Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
Radiotherapy (Radiation therapy or radiation oncology: abbreviated RT, RTx, or xRT) is the medical use of ionizing radiation, generally as part of cancer treatment to control or kill malignant cells. Radiation therapy may be curative in a number of types of cancer if they are localized to one area of the body. It may also be used as part of adjuvant therapy, to prevent tumor recurrence after surgery to remove a primary malignant tumor (for example, early stages of breast cancer).
Imperial Chemical Industries and Craig Jordan, “the First Tamoxifen Consultant,” 1960s–1990s
Published in Ambix, 2020
Jordan’s contribution was acknowledged by AstraZeneca, in a Program of Historical Milestones Celebrating its 25 years as a “cancer” company, at San Antonio, Texas, in 2003: Two clinical Awards and two chemist Awards were presented […] Wakeling and Jordan received the chemist prize. Wakeling, an AstraZeneca employee, is credited with the discovery and development of Faslodex as the first pure antiestrogen for the treatment of breast cancer. Jordan provided the translational research to justify the use of tamoxifen as a long term adjuvant therapy and as the first chemopreventative agent to reduce the risk of breast cancer in high risk women.67His citation was as “internationally recognized for his research that has resulted in ground-breaking treatment of breast cancer.”68
A cellular automata model of chemotherapy effects on tumour growth: targeting cancer and immune cells
Published in Mathematical and Computer Modelling of Dynamical Systems, 2019
Fateme Pourhasanzade, S. H. Sabzpoushan
Although the presented model can predict some aspects of tumour growth, many features involved in tumour growth that we lack knowledge of. For example, finding the exact chemotherapy resistance value for each cell is one challenging subject. Another limitation of the model is that the actual mechanisms of particular drugs that control the input parameters of the model are not fully understood; i.e. it is not discussed which parameter of the model will be particularly activated by a specific drug. We do not study the mechanisms by which drug-resistant cells can switch between asymmetric and symmetric modes of division. To extend our model we need to justify this characteristic in order to study combination therapy that will affect cancer stem cells. Our model is a neo-adjuvant therapy i.e. chemotherapy given before surgery to shrink the tumour. Therefore, we need to use surgery to completely remove the tumour from the studied tissue. Finding an experimental and a clinical study with the same assumptions in order to evaluate our simulations was another limitation of the presented model. Therefore, we had to evaluate our model by Docetaxel (a cell cycle-specific drug) without concerning through which phase of cell cycle cell death is induced in this paper.
Evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity of superparamagnetic poly(thioether-ester) nanoparticles on erythrocytes, non-tumor (NIH3T3), tumor (HeLa) cells and hyperthermia studies
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Paula Christina Mattos dos Santos, Paulo Emilio Feuser, Priscilla Barreto Cardoso, Bethina Trevisol Steiner, Emily da Silva Córneo, Rahisa Scussel, Alexandre da Cas Viegas, Ricardo Andrez Machado-de-Ávila, Claudia Sayer, Pedro Henrique Hermes de Araújo
MNPs have been a promising materials for cancer treatment with hyperthermia, this being used as an adjuvant therapy for others treatments such as, radiotherapy and chemotherapy [10,18–20]. The principle of hyperthermia consists in inducing tumor cell death by the administration of magnetic nanoparticles to the tumor and the application of an AC magnetic field to promote uniform warming of the tumor in range of 41–45 °C killing cancerous cells selectively [21–25]. Cancerous cells presents higher susceptibility to small changes in temperature than healthy cells due to their physiological differences, such as increased rate of cell cycling, increased hypoxia, reduced fluid exchange and increased cellular acidity [10,18,26–29], making them less resistant to sudden increases in temperature. The principle of hyperthermia consists in inducing tumor cell death by the administration of magnetic nanoparticles to the tumor and the application of an AC magnetic field to promote uniform warming of the tumor in range of 41–45 °C killing cancerous cells selectively [24,25]. Cancerous cells presents higher susceptibility to small changes in temperature than healthy cells due to their physiological differences, such as increased rate of cell cycling, increased hypoxia, reduced fluid exchange and increased cellular acidity [10,18,26–29] making them less resistant to sudden increases in temperature.