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Introduction to Cancer, Conventional Therapies, and Bionano-Based Advanced Anticancer Strategies
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Certain types of cancers depend on hormones to grow and propagate. Thus, hormonal therapy works by altering the amount of certain hormones in the body to fight cancers that are dependent on the chemicals. This method of treatment is used to treat cancers such as cancer of the prostate, breast, and reproductive systems. For instance, all patients who have hormone receptor-positive breast cancer are mandated to have hormonal therapy. In this case, hormone therapy aims to inhibit the interaction between a hormone, such as estrogen, and its dependent pathways that stimulate neoplastic cells. The side effects that arise from hormonal treatment depending on the age and sex of the patient, type of cancer, and the drug type used [115].
Steroid hormones in surface water resources in China: systematic review and meta-analysis and probabilistic ecological risk assessment
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Xiaomei Hui, Yadolah Fakhri, Zoha Heidarinejad, Vahid Ranaei, Hasti Daraei, Fereshteh Mehri, Intissar Limam, Van Nam Thai
Natural endocrine hormones of estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (17β-E2), estriol (E3), and several metabolites are sorted as animal estrogens. These estrogens are excreted by mammals and control many physiological processes (Bhandari et al. 2019; Deli et al. 2020). Plants also produce estrogens like isoflavone, coumarol and lignin, which are phytoestrogens. Hormones, including androgens, estrogens, and its main representatives of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel, are synthetically produced for human and veterinary pharmaceuticals. For example, testosterone, as an androgen is used to promote strength and muscle mass, and estrogens, are used as contraceptives, multiple pesticides, industrial additives, and in hormone replacement therapy (menopausal hormone therapy) for cancers (Bhandari et al. 2019; Deli et al. 2020). It is worth mentioning that many chemically synthesized medicines (ethinylestradiol, diethylstilbestrol, etc.), chemically synthesized pesticides (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, alachlor, benomyl, endosulfan, carbofuran, linuron, etc.) chemical raw materials and products (polychlorinated biphenyls, nonylphenol, octylphenol, etc.) and environmental pollutants (mycotoxins, dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc.) exhibit estrogenic activities (Ghaffari et al. 2021; Nematollahi et al. 2021; Zoghi et al. 2022).
Impact of Qigong exercises on the severity of the menopausal symptoms and health-related quality of life: A randomised controlled trial
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
María del Carmen Carcelén-Fraile, Fidel Hita-Contreras, Antonio Martínez-Amat, Vânia Brandão Loureiro, Nuno Eduardo Marques de Loureiro, José Daniel Jiménez-García, Raquel Fábrega-Cuadros, Agustín Aibar-Almazán
Out of the initially contacted 132 women, 125 fulfilled all the requirements and agreed to take part in the study (Figure 1). Participants were required to: (i) being 60 years old or over; (ii) report amenorrhea for at least twelve months; (iii) be able to understand and perform the instructions, activities, and protocols related to the Qigong exercise programme; (iv) be able to understand and fill out all the self-reporting questionnaires they were administered, as well as performing all tests required; (v) not been previously engaged in formal exercise training programme for the last three months, and not familiarised with Qigong-based exercises. Exclusion criteria were: (i) receiving menopause hormone therapy; (ii) suffering from any sort of systemic disease (such as neurodegenerative, musculoskeletal, or visual) which hampered their performance in the Qigong exercises or the postural balance tests; (iii) presenting any sort of vestibular alteration or condition: (iv) currently taking any drug with the potential to affect the central nervous system, balance, or coordination (such as antidepressants, anxiolytics, or vestibular sedatives).
Integrating transwomen athletes into elite competition: The case of elite archery and shooting
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2021
Blair R. Hamilton, Fergus M. Guppy, James Barrett, Leighton Seal, Yannis Pitsiladis
Transwomen are typically but not always treated with GAT that involves cross-sex hormone therapy (i.e. testosterone suppression and oestrogen administration) and optional gender-affirming surgery (NHS, 2020). Therefore, it is essential to determine especially in the case of archery whether the effects of GAT will negate the potential advantages in strength, O2 availability, visuospatial coordination that may collectively result in the small but significant performance advantage of cis-males (−1.46% ± 0.86, Table 2). Shooting, on the other hand, requires mostly isometric contraction to maintain postural balance in the standing or kneeling position, while requiring little concentric or eccentric muscular strength contractions in the standing, prone or kneeling positions. There is also no obvious mechanism by which alterations in O2 availability could impact shooting performance. It is necessary, therefore, to determine whether the small advantage of cis-males in rifle shooting (Mean ± SD, −0.84% ± 2.23, Range −8.11–5.26%, Table 1), explained potentially by a slightly superior visuospatial coordination in cis-males, is impacted by GAT in transwomen athletes.