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1 Interconversions
Published in Saeed Sahebdelfar, Maryam Takht Ravanchi, Ashok Kumar Nadda, 1 Chemistry, 2022
Saeed Sahebdelfar, Maryam Takht Ravanchi, Ashok Kumar Nadda
Hydrogen cyanide (or hydrocyanic acid, HCN ) is a raw material and intermediate in the synthesis of important materials such as polymers and pharmaceuticals and thus can be considered as a C1 building block. It is a byproduct of the manufacture of acrylonitrile via the ammoxidation of propene. However, because of its volatility (boiling point: 26°C) and high toxicity, HCN transportation is hazardous and in-site production is preferred.
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Acrylonitrile is a colorless, flammable liquid. Its vapors may explode when exposed to an open flame. Acrylonitrile does not occur naturally. It is produced in very large amounts by several chemical industries in the United States and its requirement and demand has increased in recent years. The largest users of acrylonitrile are chemical industries that make acrylic and modacrylic fibers, high impact acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastics. Acrylonitrile is also used in business machines, luggage, and construction material, in the manufacturing of styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) plastics for automotive and household goods, and in packaging material. Adiponitrile is used to make nylon, dyes, drugs, and pesticides.
Biological Monitoring of Occupational Neurotoxicants
Published in Lucio G. Costa, Luigi Manzo, Occupatinal Neurotoxicology, 2020
Cyanide salts can enter the organism via inhalation and ingestion. Hydrogen cyanide is easily absorbed by the respiratory tract. Hydrogen cyanide and soluble cyanide salts may also penetrate the skin, although no detailed data on their rates of penetration are available. However, due to the considerable acute toxicity of cyanide salts, they should be regarded as skin exposure hazard.37 Most of the nitriles are taken up by inhalation, ingestion or percutaneous contact. Acrylonitrile may penetrate the skin in significant quantities and may cause both local effects and systemic toxicity.37
Mechanical and tribological performance evaluation of maleic anhydride grafted ethylene octene copolymer toughened acrylonitrile butadiene styrene/polyamide 6 composites strengthened with glass fibres
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2021
Shankare Gowda, Srinivas S, Santhosh G, Siddaramaiah Basavarajaiah
E-glass fibres with a length 4.5 mm and diameter of 13 microns were supplied by Nippon Electric Glass, Malaysia. While, ABS of 20 MFI and nylon 6 of extrusion grade 2.7 RV were obtained from LG Chemicals, Korea and GSFC, India, respectively. ABS is a terpolymer made by polymerising styrene and acrylonitrile in the presence of polybutadiene, chemical formula – (C8H8)x .(C4H6)y.(C3H3)z .Density lies in between 1.060 and 1.08 g/cm3, insoluble in water, glass transition temperature 105 °C and ABS is amorphous therefore has no melting point. Nylon 6 fibres are tough and abrasion resistant, possessing glass transition temperature of 47 °C, density of 1.14 g/cc and melting point of 215 °C. Whereas E glass fibre has composition of 54% SiO2, 15% Al2O3 12% CaO density ranges between 2.55 and 2.6 and glass transition temperature of 1016F
Preparation of biocarbon micro coils
Published in Soft Materials, 2021
Kyoka Komaba, Shota Hirokawa, Hiromasa Goto
Carbon fibers are one of the most promising organic materials in the industry because of their high quality and performance.[21] They are light weight, stable, and strong, while they exhibit electrical conductivity. Therefore, they have been used as construction materials for jet airplane bodies, solar cells, and transistors.[10] Carbon fibers can be obtained from polyacrylonitrile (PAN), which is synthesized by radical polymerization in water medium using acrylonitrile as the monomer, affording the polymer in high yield.[8,21–24] The carbon fibers can be then prepared by the carbonization of PAN treated with heat under inert atmosphere. All elements except carbon and nitrogen (partly exist) are eliminated in the high-temperature carbonization process, thus resulting in carbon fibers.[23,24]
A critical review of the assessment of medical gloves
Published in Tribology - Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces, 2021
D. Preece, R. Lewis, M. J. Carré
The properties of gloves are dependent upon the raw manufacturing materials, manufacturing processes followed, and the chemical treatment gloves receive. Natural rubbers are commonly used, the most prominent being natural rubber latex (NRL), a substance found in the bark of Hevea trees [2]. By nature, NRL is a highly deformable elastomer, allowing easy conformation to the shape of the hand [3]. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that up to 6% of the worldwide population has a latex allergy [4]. Furthermore, the increasing incidence in NRL allergies means that alternative glove materials must be used where appropriate. Other glove materials include; nitrile (XNBR), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polychloroprene [5,6]. The most common alternative material to NRL is nitrile (XNBR), synthetically created using a copolymer of acrylonitrile and butadiene. However, the elastic loading response of XNBR means that the conformability to the hand is perceived to be inferior than that of NRL. The material properties of XNBR gloves are an issue for some, as they report it hinders their ability to carry out tasks [6,7].