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Screening and Pharmacological Management of Neuropathic Pain
Published in Suvardhan Kanchi, Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Mashallah Rezakazemi, Smart Nanodevices for Point-of-Care Applications, 2022
Manu Sharma, Ranju Soni, Kakarla Raghava Reddy, Veera Sadhu, Raghavendra V. Kulkarni
Nociceptive pain covers most leg, arm, and back pain. It is further categorized as somatic, radicular, and visceral pain. Somatic pain happens when any of the pain receptors in tissues, such as muscles, bone, or skin, are activated. Headaches and cuts are both considered somatic pain. This type of pain is usually localized but often stimulated by movement [1] whereas radicular pain radiates to the lower extremity along the sciatic nerve down the back to the leg. Compression, inflammation, and/or injury to the spinal nerve root are common causes of radicular pain. It is often associated with numbness, muscle weakness, and loss of reflexes. Injuries or inflammation of internal organs such as involuntary muscles in the heart lead to visceral pain. Normally, this pain is characterized by aching with an unclear location.
Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of fruits and by-products from Mauritia flexuosa, an exotic plant with functional benefits#
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Vivianne Rodrigues Amorim, Débora Caroline do Nascimento Rodrigues, Jurandy do Nascimento Silva, Carla Lorena Silva Ramos, Lívia Maria Nunes Almeida, Antonia Amanda Cardoso Almeida, Flaviano Ribeiro Pinheiro-Neto, Fernanda Regina Castro Almeida, Marcia Santos Rizzo, Joilane Alves Pereira-Freire, Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira
In view of the anti-edematogenic capacity, the writhing abdominal test was employed as a classic way to verify the presence of inflammation-based visceral pain produced by acetic acid. In such situations, the most important secreted local mediators are prostaglandins and bradykinin in addition to substance P, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, and mediators from the nervous sympathetic system. Then, discharged mediators initiate pain by activation or sensitization of peripheral nociceptors adjacent to the injured tissue, and such stimulation takes the protopathic/spinothalamic afferent way to the primary somatosensory cortex mediated through nociceptive C fibbers (Koster, Anderson, and Debeer 1959; Ribeiro et al. 2010). Although pre-treatment with epicarp and mesocarp demonstrated anti-edematogenic properties and reduced TNF-α levels, only epicarp decreased abdominal contortions.
Irritable bowel syndrome and the gut microbiota
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Phoebe E. Heenan, Jacqueline I. Keenan, Simone Bayer, Myrthe Simon, Richard B. Gearry
Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone (CRH), a vital mediator of the HPA axis and the stress response, is also thought to have a role in mediating IBS symptoms in the gut via modification of the inflammasome. The inflammasome is a component of the immune system that responds to the presence of pathogens via inflammatory responses, resulting in visceral hypersensitivity and increased GI barrier permeability (Ren et al. 2017). An increase in barrier permeability that exposes the enteric immune system (ENS) to luminal antigens then has the potential to perpetuate a positive feedback loop of inflammation, visceral pain, and altered colonic motility.