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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
The posterior pituitary is composed mainly of nervous tissue descending from the hypothalamus and produces two hormones: The antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin);Oxytocic hormone (oxytocin). The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is involved intimately with water balance as it controls or regulates the amount of water that is reabsorbed in the kidney. Large doses of ADH cause high blood pressure or hypertension since the hormone causes vasoconstriction or contraction (narrowing) of blood vessels. The amount of ADH secreted by the posterior pituitary is controlled by the amount of water in the blood. If the body is short of water, more ADH will be secreted, and more water will be reabsorbed by the kidney tubules and less urine will be formed.
Development and Utilization of a Novel Prodosomed-Electrolyte and Phytochemical Formulation Technology to Restore Metabolic Homeostasis
Published in Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Metal Toxicology Handbook, 2020
Bernard W. Downs, Manashi Bagchi, Bruce S. Morrison, Jeffrey Galvin, Steve Kushner, Debasis Bagchi
Concurrently, when blood volume or sodium concentration goes down, the physiological sensors trigger the mechanism to increase blood volume.33–36 Two distinct pathways have been elucidated32–35: The adrenal glands are stimulated by the kidneys to secrete more hormone aldosterone, and aldosterone, in turn, directs the kidney to excrete potassium and retain sodium.32–36 With the increased level of sodium, less urine is generated, and eventually blood volume goes up.Vasopressin, an anti-diuretic hormone secreted by the pituitary gland, effectively helps the kidneys to conserve water.33–37
Homo Sapiens (“Us”): Strengths and Weaknesses
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
Vasopressin (anti-diuretic) promotes water reabsorption, which increases blood volume. In addition, it constricts arterioles (small-diameter blood vessel in the microcirculation that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries), leading to increased peripheral vascular resistance, thereby raising arterial blood pressure.
Changes in the skin characteristics associated with dehydration and rehydration
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
Nobuhiko Eda, Nobuhiro Nakamura, Yuto Inai, Ziyue Sun, Ryota Sone, Koichi Watanabe, Takao Akama
Blood was collected from the arm vein. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum osmolarity (Sosm), sodium, potassium, chlorine, creatinine (Cr), hemoglobin, hematocrit (Hct), arginine vasopressin (AVP), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were measured. Clinical testing of the blood parameters was performed in the laboratory (BML Inc., Tokyo, Japan). BUN, Sosm, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, and chlorine), Cr, AVP, and ANP were measured by the UV urease-glutamate dehydrogenase method (UN-L TypeC, serotec Co., Ltd, Hokkaido, Japan), osmometry with the automatic osmometer OM-6050 Station System (ARKRAY, Inc., Tokyo, Japan), potentiometry using the ion-selective electrodes, enzymatic method using the creatininase-creatinase-sarcosine oxidase system (Shikarikid-S CRE, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Tokyo, Japan), radioimmunoassay (AVP kit “YAMASA”, Yamasa corporation, Chiba, Japan), and chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (HISCL ANP, SHIONOGI & Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan), respectively. Hemoglobin and Hct were measured by automated hematology analyzer (Sysmex XE-5000, Sysmex Corp. Kobe, Japan). AVP and ANP at Post were corrected using Hct values and hemoglobin concentrations to account for the effects of blood concentration (Dill & Costill, 1974).
Evaluation of environmental effects of heavy metals on biochemical profile and oxidative stress among children at brick kiln sites
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2021
Mehwish David, Naheed Turi, Qurat-ul Ain, Humaira Rahman, Sarwat Jahan
Human reproduction is affected by exposure to severe stress challenges.42 Different experimental and clinical investigations have confirmed that hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) can be activated by severe physical, immune and psychological challenges and stress inputs, which ultimately leads to impeding of reproduction in humans as well as in other mammals.42,43 Stress is believed to disturb the normal reproductive processes by reducing gonadotrophin secretion, which subsequently reduces the production of gonadal steroids.42,43 This is mediated by stress activation of the HPA axis, which elicits the hypothalamic release of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin.42,43 Increase in concentration of these neurohormones subsequently, increases pituitary ACTH levels and raises synthesis of adrenal cortisol.42,43 The increased level of CRH negatively affects hypothalamic GnRH pulsatility and reduces sensitivity of GnRH at the pituitary, resulting in gonadotrophins reduction.42 In present study, decreased level of cortisol was evident among children exposed to brick kiln emissions. As children monitored were at pre-pubertal stage, the risk of progression of reproductive diseases is quite high in them and is thought to be mediated through stimulation of HPA axis.
New approaches towards the discovery and evaluation of bioactive peptides from natural resources
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Nam Joo Kang, Hyeon-Su Jin, Sung-Eun Lee, Hyun Jung Kim, Hong Koh, Dong-Woo Lee
Peptides generated by enzymatic proteolysis perform many vital functions in biological metabolism and signaling. Over 60 linear and cyclized peptides with pharmaceutical activities, such as insulin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, calcitonin, oxytocin, vasopressin, and octreotide, are currently used as anti-cancer, anti-obesity, and immunomodulatory agents (Lau & Dunn, 2018). When used over prolonged periods, however, small molecules as synthetic drugs are not free from side effects, suggesting that natural compounds and their derivatives represent safer alternatives for therapeutic applications (Dimopoulos et al., 2014). In light of this, BPs derived from natural resources such as foods and plants are ranked above small molecules in terms of biosafety (Lau & Dunn, 2018). From an industrial standpoint, natural BPs have segmented the peptide therapeutics market according to application (food vs. pharmacological), source, manufacturer, route of administration, synthesis technology, and region. In particular, the source of origin (i.e. animal vs. plant) and type of manufacturing processes (chemical vs. biological) are critical determinants of contemporary customers’ preferences in the food and pharmaceutical industries (Tucker et al., 2016).