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Clinical Applications of Immunoassays
Published in Richard O’Kennedy, Caroline Murphy, Immunoassays, 2017
Vasculitis is defined as an inflammatory disorder of blood vessels. It is classified according to the size of the vessel involved and the pattern of organ involvement. The presentation of vasculitis depends on the organs affected; however, many serological tests can be used as an aid in the diagnosis of vasculitis [61]. The detection of anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) indicates an underlying inflammatory process while anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), directed against proteinase 3 and myeloperoxidase is suggestive of small vessel vasculitis. ELISAs and indirect immunofluorescence assays are the current methods of detection of ANCA. The ELISA has a higher specificity but the preferred method is the indirect immunofluorescence assay, which has a higher sensitivity. Of note, it is important to emphasise that ANCA assays are not standardised and hence their sensitivity and specificity varies in different clinical settings.
Multifunctional Nanoparticles: Design and Application in Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases
Published in Feng Chen, Weibo Cai, Hybrid Nanomaterials, 2017
Guobing Liu, Hongcheng Shi, Dengfeng Cheng
Vasculitis, also known as angiitis, is characterized by infiltration inflammatory cell in the vascular wall or around the vessels and is associated with the vascular injuries involving a variety of pathological changes including, e.g., fibrin deposition, collagen fibrosis and endothelial cell or muscular cell necrosis. The key steps in its inflammatory cascade include dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells, activation of cellular adhesion molecules, monocytes recruitment and their differentiation toward macrophage, protein and extracellular matrix degradation, smooth muscular cell apoptosis and necrosis and neovascularity, making possible a series of targets for multimodal imaging (McAteer and Choudhury 2013). For instance, Tsourkas et al. (Tsourkas et al. 2005) visualized the high expression of VCAM-1 in the TNF-α-mediated mouse vascular injury model through MRI/fluorescence dual-modality imaging by using cross-linked iron oxide (CLIO) NP coupled with NIRF molecule Cy5.5 (i.e., CLIO/Cy5.5) and VCAM-1 antibody as the targeting molecule. Kelly et al. (Kelly et al. 2005) also visualized the high expression of VCAM-1 in the TNF-α-mediated mouse vascular injury model through MRI/fluorescence dual-modality imaging based on MRI/fluorescence dual-modality NP by substituting VCAM-1 antibody with VCAM-1 polypeptide originating from bacteriophage as the targeting molecule. Terashima et al. (Terashima et al. 2011) managed to detect the high macrophage activity under inflammatory vascular endothelium through MRI/ optical dual-modality imaging by using human transferrin cage NP coupled with Cy5.5.
Vasculitis induced by drugs
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Michiel De Vries, Marjolein Drent, Jan-Wil Cohen Tervaert
The term ‘vasculitis’ denotes a pathological process of inflammation, vessel destruction and tissue necrosis. Vasculitis can occur secondary to drugs, infection and/or other diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and may also occur without known underlying cause (‘primary vasculitis’). These primary vasculitides are classified based on vessel size, and clinical manifestations as described in the Chapel Hill international consensus definitions. Recently a simple classification scheme was introduced by the EMEA study group. Based on these classification schemes, vasculitides can now be grouped as ‘large-vessel vasculitides’ (Takayasu disease and giant-cell arteritis), ‘medium-vessel vasculitides’ (polyarteritis nodosa and Kawasaki disease), and ‘small-vessel vasculitides’.1
Recent advances in wide field and ultrawide field optical coherence tomography angiography in retinochoroidal pathologies
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Gagan Kalra, Francesco Pichi, Nitin Kumar Menia, Daraius Shroff, Nopasak Phasukkijwatana, Kanika Aggarwal, Aniruddha Agarwal
Retinal vasculitis is characterized by inflammation of the retinal vessels including arterioles, venules and/or capillaries. FA is a sensitive tool to assess inflammatory activity however active as well as chronic vasculitis can cause vascular leakage. Vascular leakage can lead to shadowing of non-perfusion areas, while OCTA is not limited by vascular leakage.