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Blood Pressure Measurement
Published in John G. Webster, Halit Eren, Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, 2017
Shyam Rithalia, Mark Sun, Roger Jones
Invasive access to a systemic artery involves considerable handling of a patient. The longer a catheter stays in a vessel, the more likely an associated thrombus will form. The Allen’s test can be performed by pressing on one of the two main arteries at the wrist when the fist is clenched and then opening the hand to see if blanching indicates inadequate perfusion by the other artery. However, it has proved an equivocal predictor of possible ischemia [68]. In the newborn, when the arterial catheter is inserted through an umbilical artery, there is a particular hazard of infection and thrombosis, since thrombosis from the catheter tip in the aorta can occlude the arterial supply to vital abdominal organs. Some of the recognized contraindications and complications include poor collateral flow, severe hemorrhage diathesis, occlusive arterial disease, arterial spasm, and hematoma formation [69].
Reproductive system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The blood flow in the umbilical artery can be examined using Doppler ultrasound (Fig. 8.26c). The normal waveform shows pulsatile and unidirectional flow throughout the fetal cardiac cycle, indicative of good fetal cardiac output. If there is compromised cardiac output or increased placental resistance, the end-diastolic flow becomes reduced, absent and ultimately reversed. Other vessels can be assessed, such as the middle cerebral artery, to determine the severity of FGR and redistribution of blood flow. This information is used to manage the timing of delivery [83].
The analogies between human development and additive manufacture: Expanding the definition of design
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2019
L. E. J. Thomas-Seale, J. C. Kirkman-Brown, S. Kanagalingam, M. M. Attallah, D. M. Espino, D. E. T. Shepherd
Diffusion Manufacturing draws an analogy from the placenta as the interface for growth and waste mediums between the foetus and mother. Exchange between the foetal and maternal circulation occurs across the interface between the arteriocapillary venous system, which branches from the umbilical artery, which is immersed in the intervillous space containing the circulating maternal blood supply (Moore, Persaud, & Torchia, 2013b). Where Perfusion Manufacturing proposes the use of the perfused fluid as the build material, Diffusion Manufacturing proposes the control of the composition of the build material. Manufacturing the circulation of a build material into the developing structure (P2), would facilitate the diffusion of molecules across a permeable boundary by manipulating concentration gradients, the porosity of the boundary or active transport. Thus the part itself would become a conduit for the variable composition of the build material.