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Foodborne Illness
Published in Gary S. Moore, Kathleen A. Bell, Living with the Earth, 2018
Gary S. Moore, Kathleen A. Bell
E. coli organisms that are important to foodborne illness can be divided into four groups—enteroinvasive, enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, and enterohemorrhagic—to which the infamous E. coli O157:H7 strain belongs. Enteroinvasive E. coli, as the name implies, invade the epithelial cells of the intestine, resulting in fever, chills, and bloody diarrhea. In contrast, enterotoxigenic E. coli that are responsible for traveler’s diarrhea exhibit cholera-like symptoms, where cells colonize the wall of the intestine, then produce a toxin that prompts watery diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps. This can result in dehydration. Enteropathogenic E. coli is most commonly found among infant nurseries in developing countries. During the 1940s and 1950s, enteropathogenic E. coli was a problem in the United States, but the development of more sanitary practices has diminished its prevalence in recent decades. However, enteropathogenic E. coli remains a major human health problem across the globe in developing countries, particularly causing diarrhea in children.1
Biosensors: a Potential Tool for Detection of Microbial Contaminants for Food Safety
Published in Megh R Goyal, Sustainable Biological Systems for Agriculture, 2018
Anurag Jyoti, Rajesh Singh Tomar
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), a potential pathovar ofE. coli is regarded as a major cause of diarrhea worldwide in humans, mainly affecting children and travelers.17 The contamination of drinking or recreational waters with ETEC has been associated with waterborne disease outbreaks. Diarrhea due to ETEC is caused by the consumption of contaminated water and food.18 In the case of improper sanitation and hygiene, the ETEC is a major cause of diarrhea. In the developing countries, surface waters are the potential reservoirs of ETEC and transmission can occur while bathing and/or using water for food preparation.18 Further, these forms of transmission lead to the infection of local populations and international travelers visiting these areas, hence often referred to as traveler’s diarrhea. A few studies report the prevalence of ETEC in surface waters and in macrophytes.23
Microbiological Quality of Environmental Samples
Published in Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver, Microbiological Examination of Water and Wastewater, 2018
Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver
Escherichia coli is the most common and well-known microorganism in the human intestinal tract. It is usually harmless, but some species produce toxins that cause diarrhea. One group of the pathogenic E. coli group, the enterotoxigenic E. coli causes travelers diarrhea, and the common infant diarrhea in developing countries.
Comprehensive optimization of composite cryoprotectant for Saccharomyces boulardii during freeze-drying and evaluation of its storage stability
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2019
Shu Guowei, Xin Yang, Chen Li, Dan Huang, Zhangteng Lei, Chen He
Probiotics have traditionally been used as a term to describe the use of live microorganisms as food supplements to benefit the host by improving the intestinal microbial balance.[1] They not only prevent diarrhea, gastrointestinal infections, and inflammatory bowel disease, but also decrease serum lipids and improve the immune system. Because of their anticarcinogenic, antibacterial, and antimutagenic effects, probiotics were recommended to be involved in daily diet with the consumption level of 106 CFU/mL.[2,3] The results by O’Mahoney et al.[4] indicated that mice genetically bred to be susceptible to colitis and colon cancer had a 10% incidence rate of adenocarcinoma when fed Lactobacillus salivarius compared with the 50% rate for control animals. McFarland[5] compared the efficacy of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) and the treatment of C. difficile disease (CDD), showing that several probiotics (Saccharomyces boulardii and a mixture of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum) had a significant efficacy and no serious adverse reactions were reported in the 12 trials. Probiotics may offer a safe and effective method to prevent Traveler’s diarrhea. Piotrowska and Zakowska[6] have demonstrated that strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus reduced the toxicity levels of ochratoxin A (a common food mycotoxin) from foods up to 50%. However, maintaining the required probiotics viability during food process and subsequent storage remain a challenge in commercial application.[7] Therefore, to maintain or enhance the viability of probiotics, the appropriate methods, such as drying processes and encapsulation technology, should be well considered.