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Radiopharmaceuticals for Diagnostics
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Jim Ballinger, Jacek Koziorowski
Hypothyroidism is diagnosed as reduced accumulation of 123I-iodide and is associated with sensitivity to cold, little appetite, and low energy. In children it can result in cretinism with abnormal bone formation and mental retardation. Hypothyroidism can be treated with thyroxine tablets. In contrast, hyperthyroidism (increased accumulation of 123I-iodide) is associated with sensitivity to heat, excessive appetite, and hyperactivity. It may be evident as a goiter or bulge in the neck. Hyperthyroidism can be treated with drugs, but radioiodine is also used. Hyperthyroidism can also result from thyroiditis, an inflammation that can eventually lead to hypothyroidism. The thyroid image in hypo- or hyperthyroidism is relatively uniform; however, in other conditions focal hot or cold spots may be seen. Solitary thyroid nodules are generally benign but should be investigated with a fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy to determine if it is cancerous.
Application of Data Mining Techniques in Autoimmune Diseases Research and Treatment
Published in Shampa Sen, Leonid Datta, Sayak Mitra, Machine Learning and IoT, 2018
Sweta Bhattacharya, Sombuddha Sengupta
This particular autoimmune disease affects the thyroid leading to a symptom called hyperthyroidism. In this case, there is over stimulation of the thyroid gland leading to complications via the overproduction of thyroxine. People who are afflicted with complications like pernicious anemia, Addison's disease, celiac disease, and vitiligo are prone to develop Grave's disease. Here, the body produces antibodies against the hormone-producing cells of the body.46 These antibodies mimic the thyroid-stimulating hormone, which is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. Greater amounts of thyroxine are secreted due to overactivation of the gland cells in the thyroid, which leads to hyperthyroidism.
Behind the Scenes
Published in Ivana Špelić, Alka Mihelić-Bogdanić, Anica Hursa Šajatović, Standard Methods for Thermal Comfort Assessment of Clothing, 2019
Ivana Špelić, Alka Mihelić-Bogdanić, Anica Hursa Šajatović
Shivering produces heat by increasing muscle activity in response to cold stress. The primary motor centre for shivering is located in the dorsomedial portion of the posterior hypothalamus. This centre activates when the core temperature falls even a fraction of a degree below a critical temperature level (set-point temperature of 310.15 K, which corresponds to 37°C) and transmits signals that cause shivering through the increase the tone of the skeletal muscles. The signals travel through bilateral tracts down the brain stem, into the lateral columns of the spinal cord and finally to the anterior motor neurons. During maximum shivering, body heat production can rise from four to five times its normal level (Guyton and Hall, 2016). There are two mechanisms of the chemical thermogenesis involved in heat production inside the human body. The first is the consequence of sympathetic chemical excitation causing chemical thermogenesis (non-shivering thermogenesis; an increase in the rate of cellular metabolism), due to an increase in either sympathetic stimulation or circulating norepinephrine and epinephrine in the blood. The excess food is oxidised to release heat but without adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation. Since adult humans have almost no brown fat, the chemical thermogenesis can increase the rate of heat production for only 10 to 15% (Guyton and Hall, 2016). The second mechanism of the chemical thermogenesis involves thyroxine secretion. When the anterior hypothalamic-preoptic area is cooled, the hypothalamus starts releasing the neurosecretory hormone thyrotropin-releasing hormone. This hormone is carried by way of the hypothalamic portal veins to the anterior pituitary gland, where it stimulates secretion of a thyroid-stimulating hormone, which stimulates an increased output of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. Thyroxine activates uncoupling protein and increases the rate of cellular metabolism throughout the body. But this mechanism is slow and involves slow exposure to cold (Guyton and Hall, 2016).
Quantitative Analysis of Thyroid Nodules’ Severity and Changes in the Voice Box
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Antony Sophia N, G. Wiselin Jiji
In the modern developing technology toward human-centered approach, biometrics play a major role in individual identification. Several biometric recognitions, such as voice, face, Irish, and thumb, had been used. In this research work, we have contributed our focus on voice. From the survey, we noted that voice changes mainly occurred due to the impact on the thyroid. A thyroid nodule is common in both genders; it is categorised into hyper- and hypo-thyroid. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) measures greater than 4.0 million per microliter, and low Thyroxine (T4) indicates hypothyroid. High Thyroxine (T4) indicates hyperthyroid. This measurement can be accumulated in blood tests only. To determine the severity of thyroid in CT images, a modified image processing technique was used. Although there are many diagnosing tools available to improve the accuracy, some medical-related computer vision techniques are needed.