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Designing for Upper Torso and Arm Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Wearable products designed to protect the chest from impact and/or puncture can help prevent upper torso injuries ranging from chest wall bruises and punctures, to broken bones in the axial and/or appendicular skeletons, to rib joint and cartilage damage. Motocross chest protectors deal with the risk of impact from falls and from impact with the bike. Padded vests for fencers protect the chest from puncture. Participants in sports like hockey, lacrosse, and baseball may wear chest protectors to shield the thoracic wall structures and the vital organs of the thorax from impact. Chest protectors for baseball catchers protect not only the heart and lungs but also the upper abdomen.
Functional outcomes of motor vehicle crash thoracic injuries in pediatric and adult occupants
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2018
Samantha L. Schoell, Ashley A. Weaver, Jennifer W. Talton, Ryan T. Barnard, Gretchen Baker, Joel D. Stitzel, Mark R. Zonfrillo
Because MVC-induced incidence, morbidity, and mortality of thoracic injuries increases with age, it is important to understand the disability of these injuries across different age groups. Changes due to development and aging can affect injury patterns and tolerances as well as overall morbidity and mortality, especially for the thorax. For pediatric occupants, the relative compliance of the thoracic wall allows for increased risk of internal thoracic organ injury without necessarily inducing rib fractures (Eichelberger 1993; Huelke 1998). With aging, there is a decrease in skeletal and physiological resilience due to structural and material changes in the thorax (Burstein et al. 1976; Schoell et al. 2015; Zioupos et al. 1998). In the elderly, thoracic injury tolerance has been shown to decrease by 20% for blunt loading and up to 70% for belt loading (Zhou et al. 1996). For the previously developed disability metric, the disability risk ranged from 0 to 90% disability for AIS 3, 4, and 5 thoracic injuries across the pediatric and adult age groups (Schoell et al. 2016). The objective of this study was to further explore the disability metric for thoracic injuries by developing the disability metric for AIS 2, 3, 4, and 5 thoracic injuries and comparing the functional outcomes between the pediatric and adult populations.