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Key human anatomy and physiology principles as they relate to rehabilitation engineering
Published in Alex Mihailidis, Roger Smith, Rehabilitation Engineering, 2023
Qussai Obiedat, Bhagwant S. Sindhu, Ying-Chih Wang
The human skeleton provides a rigid framework that supports the body and gives it shape, while skeletal muscles that are attached to bones move the skeleton. The skeleton also protects some internal organs, contains and protects the red bone marrow which is responsible for blood formation, and stores excess calcium in the body (Scanlon and Sanders 2007). The human skeleton contains a total of 206 bones, and they are grouped into two main divisions: axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the axis of the body and consists of approximately 80 bones including the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. The appendicular skeleton attaches to the axial skeleton and contains the 126 bones of the extremities (Lippert 2006). There are four bone types in the human body: 1) long bones such as the humerus, 2) short bones such as wrist carpals, 3) flat bones such as scapula, and 4) irregular bones such as vertebrae (Scanlon and Sanders 2007).
Biomaterials in Bone and Muscle Regeneration
Published in Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Tissue Engineering, 2022
Shesan John Owonubi, Eric Gayom, Blessing A. Aderibigbe, Neerish Revaprasadu
Bones are dynamic, greatly vascularized living tissues constituting of nerves and blood vessels, constantly being remodeled through the lifetime of individuals. They possess important roles for locomotion, ensuring the human skeleton possesses necessary load-bearing capacity, for the protection of delicate internal organs, and also in the regulation of particular electrolytes in blood (Stevens, 2008). Another vital role of bones is that they provide a suitable environment for the production of blood cells (the marrow) constituting minerals, vitamins and proteins, growing and repairing themselves by their own blood vessels. Bones, unlike other tissues, possess an efficient self-healing capacity, thus in the event of injury or bone fracture, in cases without complications, by necessary reduction and fixation of bone fractures, the formation of new bone can be appreciated after a few weeks. Total/ complete bone union and total recovery may be obtainable only within a month. Conversely, in severe cases with complications, pathological cases, spinal fusion, joint replacement, bone tumor extraction, or some form of birth defect, the normal regenerative capacity of the bone is absent and thus, the patient will require some form of surgery (Kanczler and Oreffo, 2008; Stevens, 2008). At younger ages, the capacity for bones to regenerate is quite high, but this gradually reduces as individuals’ age.
Advances in Marine Skeletal Nanocomposites for Bone Repair
Published in S. M. Sapuan, Y. Nukman, N. A. Abu Osman, R. A. Ilyas, Composites in Biomedical Applications, 2020
The human skeleton is quite a complex structure consisting of a whopping 206 bones. These bones are connected by a network of tendon, cartilage, and ligament through a self-assembly model. The main physical functions of the skeletal structure are to provide structural support to a human body and protect the internal organs from physical injuries. Physiologically, bones are capable of self-repair in case of injury, play a role in hematopoiesis, and help form blood cells (Wang, Leng, & Gong, 2018). Structurally, bones are natural nanocomposites with a unique architecture that provides excellent functions required by the human body.
A numerical investigation of injury mechanisms and tolerance limit of occupant femur in combined compression–bending load
Published in International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2022
Bingyu Wang, Chao Yu, Xiaoqing Jiang, Qian Peng, Yi Zhang, Fang Wang
As the longest bone in the human skeleton, the femur’s kinetics response plays a very important role in the occupant’s lower extremity injury in frontal crashes. Funk et al. [15] conducted 15 isolated dynamic three-point bending tests on femurs. The specimens were obtained from eight male cadavers, ranging in age (at death) from 40 to 70 years old. In the test, the ends of the femurs were mounted in the rolling cups to approximate the rotation centre of the femur’s joints, with a depth of about 80 mm using quick curing two-part polyurethane foam. A cylindrical rigid impactor with a diameter of 12 mm was positioned at the mid-shaft location of the femur, which affected the specimen with a speed of 1.2 m/s in the posterior–anterior (P–A) direction. The corresponding virtual tests to simulate this series of experiments are shown in Figure 5. The force–deflection curves predicted by the model were compared to those obtained by using cadaver tests.
Construction of joint model and mechanics characteristic based on biological structure mechanics
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2022
Ning Li, Xinhui Li, Deqiang Chen, Lu Liu, Hong Xu
The models established by researchers at home and abroad have more or less made some simplified assumptions in the composition and structure of knee joints and the distribution of material properties, so the research results are somewhat different from the actual clinical situation [14–19]. The research will focus on establishing a three-dimensional geometric model of the entire knee joint based on the medical reconstruction software Mimics. The joint model was used to analyze the interactions among the femur, tibia, and the meniscus in the weights of adults 40, 50, 60, 70Kg and keeping an upright position (the angle between the femur and tibia was 0°), semi-squat (the angle between the femur and tibia was 45°), and flat state (the angle between the femur and tibia was 90°) by using ANSYS method. And then different material properties are respectively assigned to the dense bone, cancellous bone and bone marrow of the model as the human skeleton is a non-uniform and anisotropic composite material. Therefore, the calculated results can make the closer noticeable implementation to the real situation.
Relating mechanical properties of vertebral trabecular bones to osteoporosis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
R. Cesar, J. Bravo-Castillero, R. R. Ramos, C. A. M. Pereira, H. Zanin, J. M. D. A. Rollo
The knowledge of the mechanical properties of bone is of great importance to understand the mechanism and management of fractures as can be clearly explained in the famous paper of (Evans 1973). The mechanical properties in the 206 individual bones of the human skeleton vary according to metabolic factors such as age, sex, nutrition, inheritance (Cowin 2001; Shanbhogue et al. 2016; Ramchand and Seeman 2018). The human skeleton is composed of approximately 20% trabecular bone (cancellous or spongy) and 80% cortical bone (compact or dense) of the volume of the total bone mass fraction (Chappard et al. 2008; Ott 2018).