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Spine
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Scoliosis refers to abnormal curvature of the spine, with a lateral component of >10°. Recognized causes of scoliosis include:Congenital due to abnormal vertebral segmentation (Fig. 9.21a)Underlying syndrome, such as neurofibromatosisSevere degenerative disease in elderly patientsAcute painful scoliosis may indicate the presence of vertebral infection or a tumour such as osteoid osteoma.
Training and Manual Handling
Published in M.M. Ayoub, Anil Mital, Manual Materials Handling, 2020
As noted, programme content varies considerably from one back school to another. Some programmes incorporate intensive physical therapy administered by physiotherapists trained in manual therapy. The programme described was developed by Cyriax (1959), Kaltenborn (1975) and Lewit (1977). The initial step in such therapy is diagnosis via examination of the spine while standing, sitting, lying prone, supine and in the lateral position. The spine is examined through a series of standard tests for evidence of scoliosis, lateral deviations, hyper- and hypomobility. Based on the diagnosis, a specific treatment regimen is prescribed. Back injury diagnosis and their related therapy regimens are summarized in Table 8.2.
A Mathematical Model of Idiopathic Scoliosis
Published in J. Middleton, M. L. Jones, G. N. Pande, Computer Methods in Biomechanics & Biomedical Engineering – 2, 2020
J.M. Brown, M.I.G. Bloor, R.A. Dickson, P.A. Millner, M.J. Wilson
Idiopathic Scoliosis, defined as the lateral curvature of a spine, where the spine has no underlying neuromuscular or structural abnormalities, is a common condition that affects children from infancy to adolescence. It accounts for more than 95% of spinal deformities detected in the community, and has a prevalence of up to 1%. With time and growth the individual vertebrae within the curvature become wedge-shaped and rotate; thus the deformity becomes a complex three-dimensional entity.
Development of a flexible instrumented lumbar spine finite element model and comparison with in-vitro experiments
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Aleksander Leszczynski, Frank Meyer, Yann-Philippe Charles, Caroline Deck, Rémy Willinger
Scoliosis in adults is associated with pain and disability and affects 9% of the adult population (Kebaish et al. 2011). In severe cases, posterior spinal fusion surgery can improve a patient’s quality of life (Bridwell et al. 2009; Smith et al. 2016). Various surgical methods exist for correcting scoliosis; they mainly depend on coronal and sagittal spinal alignment as well as curve flexibility. Flexible spines are corrected by posterior pedicle screw instrumentation, which can be supported by anterior fusion using interbody cages. In stiffer deformities, additional Ponte osteotomies or pedicle subtraction osteotomies (PSO) might be required to enable larger corrections of sagittal and coronal alignments (Savage and Patel 2014). However, long-term mechanical complication rates range between 8.4% and 27.8% (Yadla et al. 2010; Schwab et al. 2012; Smith et al. 2016; Soroceanu et al. 2016). Pseudarthrosis with rod failure is indeed a frequent implant-related complication (Soroceanu et al. 2015; Smith et al. 2016).
Effect of umbilical cord length on early fetal biomechanics
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Juan Felipe Sánchez Gutiérrez, Mercedes Olaya-C, Jorge Andrés Franco, Johana Guevara, Diego Alexander Garzón-Alvarado, María Lucía Gutiérrez Gómez
In addition, short cords are related to morphological alterations of the fetus (Frías et al. 2007). A Latin American series showed that fetal malformations are frequently linked to both short and long UC (Olaya and Bernal 2015). From our data it was observed as the cord became shorter a greater tension was generated (Figure 6). From the clinical point of view, it could have implications such as inhibiting complete closure of the abdominal wall, as observed in thoracoschisis, and generate a defective vertebral column position, resulting in many cases in scoliosis. At this stage where there is a physiological hernia, as well as tension from the abdominal wall (Figure 8), the hernia and tension from the abdominal wall can generate a rupture on the side of the wall resulting in gastroschisis. The greater the tension the less resistance in the abdominal wall, thus less possibility for the body wall to close.
The effect of orthotic interventions on balance performance in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A systematic literature review
Published in Assistive Technology, 2020
Masomeh Veis Karami, Atefeh Aboutorabi, Kaveh Ebrahimzadeh, Mokhtar Arazpour, Ehsan Asare
The appropriate option in scoliosis treatment depends on the type of deformity, severity of deformity and skeletal maturity of the patients and can include exercises, casting, bracing, or surgery (Negrini et al.). The primary aim of conservative treatment for AIS is to prevent progression of deformity (Brox, Lange, Gunderson, & Steen, 2012) and according to the SOSORT recommendations for the management of scoliosis spinal braces are usually recommended to treat patients with curves above 20°, more likely to 20–45° of Cobb, still growing, and demonstrated progression of deformity or elevated risk of worsening (Negrini et al., 2012). Recently, many studies have investigated the effects of braces not only on curve progression but also on postural stability (Paolucci et al.; Sadeghi et al., 2008a).