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Designing for Upper Torso and Arm Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
The lungs exchange air (Figure 4.3) with help from the “respiratory pump” (Trulock, 1990, p. 256). The bony and cartilaginous rib cage surrounding the lungs is surprisingly mobile. Joints within the ribs, between the ribs and the sternum, and between the ribs and spine allow chest wall movement in several directions. Three layers of muscles, the intercostal muscles, span the spaces between adjacent ribs. The pumping action of the respiratory cycle—moving air in and out—is generated by coordinated contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and abdominal muscles.
Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics
Published in Emeric Arus, Biomechanics of Human Motion, 2017
There are four major muscles which intervene in the respiration process. Musculi intercostales fill the space between ribs uniting them together. There are three intercostal muscles. Musculus intercostales externi insert originally or distally between two ribs. However, these muscles insert a little bit higher than the external margin of the ribs. Musculi intercostales interni insert originally and distally exact on the internal margin of two ribs. Musculi intercostales intimi are found deeply embedded in the internal intercostals.
Effect of muscle distribution on lung function in young adults
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Wenbo Shu, Mengchi Chen, Zhengyi Xie, Liqian Huang, Binbin Huang, Peng Liu
Large organs and small tissue cells need oxygen to maintain metabolism. Pilarski et al. (2019) explained a considerable number of “respiratory” muscles from the perspectives of anatomy, developmental origin, innervation, and activation methods. When naming muscles, people called some muscles that obviously caused inhalation or exhalation as respiratory muscles, such as diaphragm, abdominal muscles, intercostal muscles, etc. There was no doubt that these muscles have a strong relationship with lung capacity. In fact, there were quite a few muscles in the human body that also cause changes in the thorax when they contracted, or muscle contractions caused a lot of energy and oxygen consumption, which can also stimulate and enhance breathing. This part of the muscle was also related to the lung capacity, but it was called the non-respiratory muscle. When the body was in a high aerobic state, many non-respiratory muscles could also assist physical strength to enhance breathing while the respiratory muscles and non-respiratory muscles were artificially divided (Pilarski et al. 2019). As such, in addition to oxidative respiration, human muscles also directly or indirectly participate in breathing exercises (Pilarski et al. 2019). We believe that TMM is essential for the maintenance of VC.
Development and validation of an elderly human body model for frontal impacts
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2020
Sagar Umale, Prashant Khandelwal, John Humm, Narayan Yoganandan
The GHBMC base model was morphed to the elderly surface geometry (structure: 172.6 cm, BMI: 29, age: 75 years) obtained from an occupant posture database (humanshape.org). The hexahedral morph box (hex-box) technique was used for morphing. The hex-boxes were developed for the base model (Figure 1). The spine was encapsulated in the innermost layer of the hex-boxes, and the outermost layer surrounded the head, thorax, and limbs. An intermediate layer of hex-boxes in the thorax surrounded organs like the heart, lungs, liver, and other fat tissue, along with the rib cage and intercostal muscles. The elderly occupant surface geometry and the baseline model were aligned at the H-point. The edges and corners of the hex-boxes were mapped to the elderly geometry, and the elements enclosed in the boxes were morphed to the elderly occupant (Figure 1). The difference in the rib angle between a 26-year-old and a 75-year-old was calculated (Kent et al. 2005), and the ribs were rotated 7 degrees upwards. The neck was rotated to match the kyphotic neck of the elderly. A rigid constraint was applied to maintain the shape of all hard tissues during morphing. The material properties of the hard and soft tissues were updated for the elderly based on the literature.
Effects of inspiratory muscle training in professional women football players: a randomized sham-controlled trial
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
Bruno Archiza, Daniela Kuguimoto Andaku, Flávia Cristina Rossi Caruso, José Carlos Bonjorno, Cláudio Ricardo de Oliveira, Paula Angélica Ricci, André Capaldo do Amaral, Stela Márcia Mattiello, Cleiton Augusto Libardi, Shane A. Phillips, Ross Arena, Audrey Borghi-Silva
With respect to peripheral muscle oxygenation, the significant increase of [O2Hb] of the vastus lateralis muscle in IMT group post-intervention may suggest that the O2 extraction in the tissue was reduced after training, and/or the blood volume was increased. Indeed, this study found a greater [tHb] of vastus lateralis muscle in IMT group post-intervention, reflecting increased blood volume in the tissue. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report a significant decrease in the magnitude of change of the intercostal muscles deoxygenation and blood volume concommitantly to an increase vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation and blood volume during a high-intensity constant speed exercise test following IMT. This result suggests that the inspiratory muscle metaboreflex phenomenon was delayed during the test in this population after IMT. Previous studies have reported that an increased work of respiratory muscles during high-intensity exercise may require up to 15% of whole-body oxygen uptake (Harms et al., 1997). In this way, it is plausible that a fraction of the cardiac output can be diverted from the locomotor muscles by sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow (St Croix, Morgan, Wetter, & Dempsey, 2000), reducing the perfusion of locomotor muscles during exercise to supply the increased energy demands of the ventilatory pump (Harms et al., 1998). In this context, the present data can explain the potential impact of IMT to promote reduction of the deoxygenated blood within inspiratory muscles and improve leg oxygenation in women football players. Indeed, this new findings might be important for explaining the effects of IMT during performance and/or exercise tolerance based tests in this population.