Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Drug Targeting to the Lung: Chemical and Biochemical Considerations
Published in Anthony J. Hickey, Sandro R.P. da Rocha, Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology, 2019
Peter A. Crooks, Narsimha R. Penthala, Abeer M. Al-Ghananeem
The use of inhalation therapy has been applied mainly to the treatment of asthma and bronchitis. There is an increasing awareness that current treatment is inadequate and that the incidence of asthma is on the rise (Sly 1989, Buist 1989, Greenwood 2011). Indeed, it has been shown that an apparent increase in the prevalence of asthma at childhood has occurred in recent years (Lenny et al. 1994). Of particular interest is the structure-activity relationships associated with drug residence times in the respiratory tract.
Nasal and Pulmonary Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Ambikanandan Misra, Aliasgar Shahiwala, In-Vitro and In-Vivo Tools in Drug Delivery Research for Optimum Clinical Outcomes, 2018
Pranav Ponkshe, Ruchi Amit Thakkar, Tarul Mulay, Rohit Joshi, Ankit Javia, Jitendra Amrutiya, Mahavir Chougule
The delivery of drugs through the pulmonary route has been explored over a decade due to advantages such as a large absorptive surface area, thin mucosal lung lining, extensive vascularization, low proteolytic activity, and highly perfused lung tissue, which helps us achieve local and systemic delivery (Labiris and Dolovich 2003). Inhalation therapy for pulmonary delivery is gaining increasing attention for various lung diseases such as lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), asthma, chronic bronchitis, etc. (Muralidharan, Hayes et al. 2015). New technological developments in delivery devices have led to the efficient delivery of large doses of the drug to the lungs with deposition at the desired site. This advancement has made the pulmonary drug delivery system more efficacious with respect to its dosing regimen while making it patient compliant (Rau 2005).
Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
Inhalation (inspiration) is the flow of air into an organism. It is a vital process for all human life. In humans, it is the movement of air from the external environment, through the airways, and into the alveoli.
Effect of laryngeal jet on dry powder inhaler aerosol deposition: a numerical simulation
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Arash Babamiri, Kaveh Ahookhosh, Haniye Abdollahi, Mohammad Hasan Taheri, Xinguang Cui, Malikeh Nabaei, Ali Farnoud
For the treatment of respiratory diseases, it is typically preferred to provide medication in the form of aerosols through inhalation (Smola et al. 2008; Virchow et al. 2008; Broeders et al. 2009; Islam et al. 2020; Abdollahi et al. 2021). The effectiveness of inhalation therapy lies in the fact that the circulatory system is not exposed and drug aerosols are delivered to the target organ directly; therefore, the required dose will decrease significantly and the side effects of the drugs will be minimized (Chrystyn and Price 2009; Vincken et al. 2010; Yousefi et al. 2017). For these advantages and a wide variety of applications, pulmonary drug delivery has gained considerable attention in both academia and industry. Inhalation therapy, for example, is commonly used for the treatment of pulmonary diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. This method can also potentially be implemented as an alternative option for systemic medication administration for diseases like diabetes (Chan et al. 2014). Since inhalation therapy plays an important role in the treatment of pulmonary diseases, it is vital to understand the features of a successful pulmonary drug delivery. For optimization of an efficient pulmonary drug delivery, a profound knowledge of the flow structure inside the tracheobronchial airway and its effect on particle deposition patterns is required.
Influence of microbubbles on the production of spray-dried inhalable particles
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Loreana Gallo, Marcos Andrés Serain, Carlos Renaudo, Eduardo López, Verónica Bucalá
The administration of drugs through the pulmonary route is becoming relevant for the treatment of lung and systemic diseases by using appropriate inhalers.[1] Among them, dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are the most commonly employed devices because they offers several advantages over other inhalation techniques, such as: ease of use, convenient portability, satisfactory pulmonary deposition via the patient respiration, easy incorporation of high mass of drugs, adequate physicochemical stability and low cost.[2] In addition, DPIs as propellant-free devices produce ten times less greenhouse effect than pressurized metered dose inhalers (propellant-driven technology).[3] The DPIs market begins in the 1960s and the adoption by pharmaceutical companies has been growing steadily due to the inhalers advantages. The DPIs market size exceeded US$16 billion in 2015 and is expected to continue growing at 5% CAGR (compound annual growth rate) until 2024.[4]
An overview of selected emerging outdoor airborne pollutants and air quality issues: The need to reduce uncertainty about environmental and human impacts
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2020
This compound belongs to the aromatic family, is found in gasoline and is also used as a solvent. Toluene is toxic in both humans and animals for acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) exposures. Symptoms after inhalation include irritation of the upper respiratory tract, fatigue, dizziness, sleepiness, headaches, and nausea (ATSDR 2017). Toluene may cause neurological and brain disorders in young children. Infants of mothers exposed to toluene (by inhalation) in pregnancy had abnormally low scores on the development of speech and motor functions (Grandjean and Landrigan 2006 and references therein). Note that the EPA has concluded that there is inadequate information to assess toluene’s carcinogenic potential. Nevertheless, toluene appears on the WHO (2016a) list of future guidelines as a hazardous pollutant. Measurements made by the NAPS network show that toluene concentrations approach provincial guidelines (within one order of magnitude) in Canada in a significant percentage of the time (Galarneau et al. 2016, their Figure 7). Toluene is also an important anthropogenic precursor of ozone (second highest MIR in the Montreal region, Table 3b). The atmospheric lifetime of toluene is 2.4 days (Seinfeld and Pandis 2006). In a measurement campaign over oil sands (Alberta, Canada), toluene was found to exceed the background levels by a factor of 73 (Simpson et al. 2010). Finally, it is worth mentioning that toluene is also produced in significant quantities by jet aircraft (Masiol and Harrison 2014). Reported industrial emissions from all sources (not including the aviation sector) were 2,307 tons in 2017 (ECCC 2019).