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The Current State of Non-Viral Vector–Based mRNA Medicine Using Various Nanotechnology Applications
Published in Yashwant V. Pathak, Gene Delivery Systems, 2022
Kshama Patel, Preetam Dasika, Yashwant V. Pathak
There are two different vaccines, including DNA vaccines and RNA vaccines. For DNA vaccines, the DNA is transcribed into mRNA and then translated, which can cause many different problems, including mutagenesis and the possibility of the patient contracting a disease they did not previously have.26 mRNA vaccines are an up-and-coming technology in which much research and development are being done. Recent studies have shown that mRNA vaccinations are used mostly in preventative and therapeutic measures.26 Therapeutic vaccines are vaccinations that are used to treat patients who already have a certain disease. On the other hand, preventative vaccinations are vaccines that are administered to patients to protect them from contracting a certain disease.27 Vaccinations made of mRNA are also used to avoid and handle the spread of infectious diseases such as the COVID-19 pandemic.27
Emerging Trends in Nanotechnology for Diagnosis and Therapy of Lung Cancer
Published in Alok Dhawan, Sanjay Singh, Ashutosh Kumar, Rishi Shanker, Nanobiotechnology, 2018
Nanda Rohra, Manish Gore, Sathish Dyawanapelly, Mahesh Tambe, Ankit Gautam, Meghna Suvarna, Ratnesh Jain, Prajakta Dandekar
A vaccine is a biomolecule that develops active acquired immunity to a particular disease (American Chemical Society 2016a). Therapeutic vaccines used for cancer treatment direct the immune system to mount an immune response against shared or tumor-specific antigens (American Chemical Society 2016c). Anticancer vaccines comprise cancer cells, parts of cells, or pure antigens. These are given in combination with other substances or cells, called adjuvants, that help in enhancing the immune response (American Chemical Society 2016a). Commonly targeted antigens include MAGE-3 (found in 42% of lung cancers), NY-ESO-1 (found in 30% of lung cancers), p53, survivin, and MUC1 (Aldarouish and Wang 2016, American Chemical Society 2016c). Tergenpumatucel-L (HyperAcute®) is a therapeutic vaccine that is currently being tested in phase II/III trial for patients with stage III or IV NSCLC. It consists of genetically modified human lung cancer cells comprising a mouse gene. DRibbles (DPV-001) is a therapeutic vaccine formulated using nine cancer antigens and toll-like receptor (TLR) adjuvants that is being tested in a phase II trial for patients with stage III NSCLC (American Chemical Society 2016c). In a phase I study, the autologous DRibbles vaccine was found to be safe when combined with docetacel and GM-CSF (Page et al. 2016).
Global occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in environmental aquatic matrices and its implications for sanitation and vulnerabilities in Brazil and developing countries
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Gleyson B. Castro, Aline C. Bernegossi, Bruno José de O. Sousa, Mara R. De Lima E Silva, Fernando R. Da Silva, Bárbara Luíza S. Freitas, Allan P. Ogura, Juliano J. Corbi
Based on the challenges of diagnosing SARS-CoV-2, the strategy adopted for avoiding widespread was community isolation until the production of a therapeutic vaccine or specific antiviral drugs (Wang et al. 2020b). The medical therapies that have been most applied are oxygen therapy (Long et al. 2021), broad-spectrum antiviral medicines (Tu et al. 2020), and broad-spectrum antibiotics against bacterial infections (Huang et al. 2020). Action from the World Health Organization (WHO), namely ‘Solidary Trials’, focused on the search for an effective drug for treating patients from several countries ([WHO] World Health Organization 2020b), and no medicine has yet shown sufficient efficacy ([WHO] World Health Organization 2020c). The WHO highlighted the importance of coordination for pandemic control and suggested a strategic response plan regarding the need for a combined action at the global, national, and regional scale. However, the WHO has not recommended specific guidelines for developing countries ([WHO] World Health Organization 2020b, 2020c), although they correspond to approximately 83% of the world population ([PRB] Population Reference Bureau 2016). The proportion of deaths among confirmed cases, known as Case Fatality Rate (CFR), can vary widely between countries – 0.1% to above 25% -, and is related to testing capabilities, demographics, and access to health services (Jones 2020).
The roadmap towards cure of chronic hepatitis B virus infection
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2022
Monoclonal antibodies against HBV surface antigen may neutralise circulating HBV and hence provide protection against initial infection. Although high intravenous doses may transiently reduce viraemia, this effect is not sustained (Lee et al. 2019). Repeated administration in patients with established chronic HBV infection may precipitate immune complex disease. However, newer monoclonal antibodies, such as VIR-3434, have specific modifications which provide enhanced antiviral and immunologic activities which may contribute towards HBV cure. In addition to neutralising circulating HBV through the targeting of HBsAg, VIR-3434 also inhibits viral entry into hepatocytes. Additionally, the monoclonal antibody has been engineered to induce de-novo T cell responses against HBV. Therefore, VIR-3434 may act as a therapeutic vaccine in patients with chronic HBV infection (Gane 2020). VIR-3434 is currently in Phase I trials.