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Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Signaling within 3D Tissue Models
Published in Karen J.L. Burg, Didier Dréau, Timothy Burg, Engineering 3D Tissue Test Systems, 2017
Stephen L. Rego, Tian McCann, Didier Dréau
Cytokines are soluble signaling peptides that elicit responses by binding to their cognate receptors (Leonard and Lin 2000). Although there are many different classification systems used for cytokines, most recently they have been grouped into superfamilies based on their structural and sequence similarities. The tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/TNF receptor superfamily includes TNFα, lymphotoxins, CD40L, and CD95. The TNF superfamily modulates immune cell phenotype, migration, or survival (stimulate apoptosis) (Locksley et al. 2001). The interleukin 1 (IL1)/IL1 receptor superfamily contains IL1α, IL1β, IL-receptor antagonist, IL-18, IL-33, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Those cytokines mediate host-defense function and microbial recognition (Pantschenko et al. 2003; Rifkin et al. 2005; Marshak-Rothstein 2006). In this chapter, cytokines are grouped functionally based on their ability to elicit (1) inflammatory immune responses or (2) anti-inflammatory (wound healing) immune responses.
Monoterpenes Modulating IL-10
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Phytomedicine, 2020
Saravanan Shanmugam, Jullyana S. S. Quintans, Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Luciana Scotti, Marcus T. Scotti, Adriano A. S. Araújo, Lucindo J. Quintans-Júnior
Cytokines are a subtype of growth factors that are produced by hematopoietic and immune cell types and include interferons and interleukins. Our body immune function depends on the biologic activities of numerous small glycoprotein messengers termed cytokines (originally called lymphokines and monokines). Cytokines are peptides that have a fundamental role in communication within the immune system and in allowing the immune system and host tissue cells to exchange information. They also play a vital role in mediating the cross-talk between the nervous and immune systems (Haroon et al. 2012; McInnes 2017). These cytokines are usually less than 80 kDa in size which regulate a wide range of biological functions including innate and acquired immunity, hematopoiesis, inflammation and repair, and proliferation through mostly extracellular signaling, also they are prominently involved in inflammatory responses and defense against viral infections (Chung 2009; Sherbet 2011). Based on the functions of the cytokines, they are classified as two main classes: pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, cytokines of neutrophil and eosinophil recruitment and activation, cytokines derived from T-helper (Th) and T-regulatory cells, and cytokines of T-cell recruitment and growth factors. Cytokine receptors are linked to multiple signaling pathways in the cytoplasm and nucleus, leading to transcriptional and post-transcriptional activation of many factors including cytokines (Chung 2009). Cytokines exist in broad families that are structurally related, but exhibit diverse functions [e.g., the TNF/TNF receptor superfamily, IL superfamily (McInnes 2017)]. Currently, cytokines are organized by their numerical order of interleukins (numbered from IL-1 to IL-38). Based on the functional profile of an immune response, cytokine production is broadly regulated by T-helper 1 cells (Th1), which generally mediate a pro-inflammatory cellular immune response and T-helper 2 cells (Th2), which enhance anti-inflammatory and humoral immune reactions (Hou et al. 2017; Quintans et al. 2019).
Chlorogenic acid potentiates antitumor effect of doxorubicin through upregulation of death receptors in solid Ehrlich carcinoma model in mice
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2019
Nesma A. Abd Elrazik, Mohamed El-Mesery, Amro El-Karef, Laila A. Eissa, Amal M El Gayar
Apoptosis is an essential programmed cell death pathway which is regulated by many factors including the death receptors and Bcl-2 family members. Death receptors are members of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily including Fas and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor (TRAIL-R) 1 and TRAIL-2. Activation of these receptors by their corresponding ligands results in the formation of death-inducing signaling complex that induces caspase activation and induction of apoptosis cascade [15–17].