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Monoterpenes Modulating IL-10
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Phytomedicine, 2020
Saravanan Shanmugam, Jullyana S. S. Quintans, Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Luciana Scotti, Marcus T. Scotti, Adriano A. S. Araújo, Lucindo J. Quintans-Júnior
Cytokines are a subtype of growth factors that are produced by hematopoietic and immune cell types and include interferons and interleukins. Our body immune function depends on the biologic activities of numerous small glycoprotein messengers termed cytokines (originally called lymphokines and monokines). Cytokines are peptides that have a fundamental role in communication within the immune system and in allowing the immune system and host tissue cells to exchange information. They also play a vital role in mediating the cross-talk between the nervous and immune systems (Haroon et al. 2012; McInnes 2017). These cytokines are usually less than 80 kDa in size which regulate a wide range of biological functions including innate and acquired immunity, hematopoiesis, inflammation and repair, and proliferation through mostly extracellular signaling, also they are prominently involved in inflammatory responses and defense against viral infections (Chung 2009; Sherbet 2011). Based on the functions of the cytokines, they are classified as two main classes: pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, cytokines of neutrophil and eosinophil recruitment and activation, cytokines derived from T-helper (Th) and T-regulatory cells, and cytokines of T-cell recruitment and growth factors. Cytokine receptors are linked to multiple signaling pathways in the cytoplasm and nucleus, leading to transcriptional and post-transcriptional activation of many factors including cytokines (Chung 2009). Cytokines exist in broad families that are structurally related, but exhibit diverse functions [e.g., the TNF/TNF receptor superfamily, IL superfamily (McInnes 2017)]. Currently, cytokines are organized by their numerical order of interleukins (numbered from IL-1 to IL-38). Based on the functional profile of an immune response, cytokine production is broadly regulated by T-helper 1 cells (Th1), which generally mediate a pro-inflammatory cellular immune response and T-helper 2 cells (Th2), which enhance anti-inflammatory and humoral immune reactions (Hou et al. 2017; Quintans et al. 2019).
Epigenotoxicity: a danger to the future life
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Farzaneh Kefayati, Atoosa Karimi Babaahmadi, Taraneh Mousavi, Mahshid Hodjat, Mohammad Abdollahi
Epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) is a collective research effort that examines the relationships between DNA changes associated with respiratory diseases. A current EWAS study found 59 DMRs in cord blood of infants related to lung function in childhood, where there was a 15 percent chance of COPD in adulthood.[99] The results by EWAS showed the methylation alteration of genes involved in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, axonal conduction pathways, and the JAK-STAT pathway in the incidence of pulmonary disruption.[98] HDACs increase the rate of asthma progression since they reduce the activity of macrophage cells in the alveoli by boosting the inflammatory response.[100]
Gene expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to fine particulate matter: RNA sequencing analysis
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Zhixiang Zhou, Mengnan Qin, Sara Khodahemmati, Wenke Li, Bingyu Niu, Jiangshuai Li, Yanghua Liu, Jingfeng Gao
Consistent evidence from both epidemiological and experimental studies has demonstrated that exposure to particulate matter, in particular, PM2.5, is associated with CVDs (Liang et al. 2020; Hayes et al. 2020; Zhang et al. 2021). However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying PM2.5 induced CVDs are largely unknown. Although several studies have investigated the molecular mechanisms of PM-induced CVDs in Beijing city (Huang et al. 2016; Hua et al. 2017; Feng et al. 2017; He et al. 2018), to our knowledge, this is the first RNA sequencing analysis conducted using Beijing winter samples. In this work, we used RNA-Seq to profile the gene expression pattern and analyze the pathways in HUVECs exposed to PM2.5. Exposure to PM2.5 led to concentration-dependent cytotoxicity and a broad and significant impact on gene expression in HUVECs. The levels of genes involved in the metabolic response, oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction changed significantly. In addition, the prominent significant pathways of PM2.5-induced toxicity included the p53 pathway, pyrimidine metabolism, the NF-κB signaling pathway, and the Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. This suggested that a systemic response was elicited by PM2.5 exposure in HUVECs.
Characterization of pulmonary responses in mice to asbestos/asbestiform fibers using gene expression profiles
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Naveena Yanamala, Elena R. Kisin, Dmitriy W. Gutkin, Michael R. Shurin, Martin Harper, Anna A. Shvedova
To identify pathways that are altered in mice upon exposure to different asbestos/asbestiform fibers, pathway enrichment analysis was performed using Enrichr Pathways module for KEGG 2015. Pathways analysis of DEG at 7 days treatment to crocidolite, tremolite asbestos, erionite and wollastonite in mouse lungs predicted the significant involvement of a total of 39, 29, 11, and 6 pathways, respectively (Figure 6A). None of the pathways were common to all material exposure. With the exception of crocidolite, enrichment of “circadian rhythm” pathway was found to be common to the other three particle treatments (File S2). Pathways associated with the immune system such as leukocyte transendothelial migration, complement and coagulation cascades and toll-like receptor signaling as well as stress and injury including cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions and ECM-receptor interactions, were uniquely represented by up-regulated genes upon tremolite asbestos administration. Most importantly, several pathways related to cancer including pathways in cancer and non-small cell lung cancer, signal transduction pathways such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cellular processes such as apoptosis, adherens junction and tight-junction signaling were uniquely enriched by down-regulated genes upon crocidolite exposure. The “transcriptional misregulation in cancer” pathway was commonly enriched upon treatment with either crocidolite or erionite.