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Conducting Polymer-Based Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Conducting Polymers, 2022
Murugan Prasathkumar, Chenthamara Dhrisya, Salim Anisha, Robert Becky, Subramaniam Sadhasivam
The neurotrophic factors like nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), BDNF, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), FGF, TGF-β, and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are commonly involved in neural regeneration. Encapsulating the growth factors/therapeutic drugs on the conductive scaffolds can stabilize the controlled release of the drug for constructive regeneration of the nerve cells. The PLGA/dextran/hyaluronic acid scaffold is a classic example of the encapsulation and delivery of BDNF at the site of spinal cord injury. The developed hydrogel showed excellent electrical conductivity mimicking the natural spinal cord and exhibited a stable release of BDNF. Moreover, histological results demonstrated the neural differentiation to neurons and inhibitory effects on astrocytes differentiation as astrocytes contribute to the prevention of axonal regeneration during injury [41]. Likewise, injectable gelatin/PANI-based hydrogels with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) could act as a drug delivery system for Parkinson's disease. It also improved the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH+) dopaminergic neurons, BDNF, and GDNF [42]. In this way, electroactive materials transmit the electrical cues to the neural tissue and improve the regenerative process.
Unilateral Ex Vivo Gene Therapy by GDNF in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Published in Yashwant V. Pathak, Gene Delivery Systems, 2022
Sonia Barua, Yashwant V. Pathak
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic factor and comes under the transforming growth factor-β superfamily [4]. NGF mainly controls cell growth and maintains the cell proliferation and survival rate [3–4]. Studies have reported that NGF has been shown to act as a potential therapeutic agent for AD. Delivery of NGF in nerve cells of Alzheimer’s patients exhibited a positive effect on the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, which decline in AD patients [5–9]. Glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a neurotrophic factor whose functions is to protect the neurons from degeneration. GDNF was initially recognized as a survival factor for dopaminergic neurons. It is widely distributed in the rat and human CNS, but is expressed highly in the principal pyramidal neurons and the dentate gyrus (DG) granule cells. GDNF has been shown to increase the dopaminergic function in patients with PD [7–8]. These findings have drawn much attention in clinical trials of GDNF therapy for the restoration of PD patients. Gene therapy is a potential agent to deliver the GDNF to the targeted neurons. In transplantation, ex vivo cell-based gene delivery of GDNF shows an advantage in that it removes cells if untoward effects occur [7–9] (Figure 9.1). In addition, the development of cell lines is considered a novel strategy for transplantation into the damaged CNS (cell therapy), which favors the expression and delivery of molecules with therapeutic potential (ex vivo gene therapy) by limiting the challenges associated with the in vivo technique.
Limb Regeneration
Published in Andrew A. Marino, Modern Bioelectricity, 2020
Sisken et al. (52,67) reported the results of a long series of experiments in rats in 1979 and 1984, showing tissue regeneration and outgrowth. The response was augmented by the simultaneous injection of nerve growth factor. Libbin et al. (11) demonstrated electrical stimulation of rat limb regeneration, In 1981, I reported that implantation of electrodes into the dorsal postaxial position in subadult rats initiated regeneration at a current of about 0.1 µA/mm2 (68). The regenerates exhibited joints, muscles, cartilage, bone, and some suggestion of organization into wrist-like elements, but no complete regenerates were obtained, Sisken et al. (52) reported that implanted bimetallic strips enhanced the response of regenerating rat limbs to implanted fetal nerve tissue.
Involvement of nerve growth factor in mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line (HT22) differentiation and underlying role of DNA methyltransferases
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Ming Zhang, Hongxia Zheng, Xiaolu Zhang, Xiaoli Tian, Shengdi Xu, You Liu, Shuyuan Jiang, Xiaolei Liu, Rui Shi, Kerui Gong, Shaochun Yan, He Wang, Guo Shao, Zhanjun Yang
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a member of the neurotrophin family and is essential for cell differentiation(Takei and Laskey 2008). Clementi and colleagues (1993) reported that NGF stimulates PC12 cell differentiation. Further Frias-Eisner et al. (2001) also demonstrated that NGF played a role in the differentiation of PC 12 cells into neuronal cells. In agreement with the findings in PC 12 cells exposure of HT22 cells to NGF was also found to increase neurite length, one of neuronal phenotype as observed with the inverted microscope. It is noteworthy that the % cell S phase was significantly enhanced by NGF in differentiating HT22 cells. Evidence thus indicates that NGF stimulated HT22 cell differentiation.