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Regulation of Blood Glucose
Published in Robert B. Northrop, Endogenous and Exogenous Regulation and Control of Physiological Systems, 2020
The description of glucoregulation begins by first discussing the protein hormone insulin. Insulin is produced by the pancreatic beta cells in response to elevated plasma (blood) glucose concentration. The release rate of insulin into the portal circulation can be modeled by the system shown in Figure 7.2. A fast, rectified, single time constant path is in parallel with a slow, two-pole lag path. The former path describes the dynamics of immediate, stored insulin release in response to a sudden increase in blood glucose concentration [BG]. The two-pole, slow path with the transport lag term models the metabolic activation of beta cells to synthesize new insulin for release. At a normal, resting [BG] = 90 mg/dl, the beta cells secrete insulin at a rate QI = 10 ng/min/kg body weight of insulin. At very high [BG] > 500 mg/dl, QI saturates at about 20 times normal, or 200 ng/min/kg body weight.59 A number of substances associated with eating other than [BG] increase the insulin secretion rate. These substances include the amino acids lysine and arginine as well as the gastrointestinal hormones gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, and gastric inhibitory peptide. Also, the hormones glucagon, Cortisol, and growth hormone increase QI or potentiate the action of [BG] on insulin secretion.59
Enzyme Nanocapsules for Glucose Sensing and Insulin Delivery
Published in Grunwald Peter, Biocatalysis and Nanotechnology, 2017
The blood glucose level is closely regulated by insulin secretion in beta cells and its action in the targeted cells. Any failure of the system involving insulin secretion, action, and clearance might lead to the imbalance of glucose homeostasis. Type 1 DM is characterized by the body’s failure to produce enough insulin due to the autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas. The loss of the beta cells, the only insulin source of the body, will inevitably lead to the build-up of glucose in the blood. Insulin resistance itself (Type 2 DM), in which cells fail to respond to the normal actions of insulin, also leads to hyperglycemia. The most severe form of diabetes is Type 1 DM. It might be contributed by various factors, including genetics, environment factors, and the exposure to certain viruses. Certain genotypes such as human leukocyte antigen (HLA) appear to confer the strong risk of Type 1 DM (Mychaleckyj et al., 2010). There are also some evidences suggesting a possible link between Coxsackie B4 virus and Type 1 DM (Yoon et al., 1978; Horwitz et al., 1998). The most common forms of diabetes are Type 2 DM, which accounts for approximately 90–95% of DM cases. Unlike Type 1 DM, which usually appears during childhood, Type 2 DM affects mostly adults. The primary causes are lifestyle factors, including excessive body weight, lack of enough exercise, and dietary factors (Howard, 2002).
Potential of Thermal Imaging to Detect Complications in Diabetes
Published in U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer, Artificial Intelligence-Based Infrared Thermal Image Processing and Its Applications, 2023
U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex, chronic, and metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels also termed hyperglycemia (Zimmet et al., 2014). Insulin is an essential hormone produced by the beta cells in pancreas which is involved in the regulation of the amount of glucose circulating in the blood. The inability to produce insulin secretion or insulin resistance leads to hyperglycemia which is the clinical indicator of DM (Abdelalim, 2020). Diabetes is a life-threatening health disease which is etiologically classified into three types, namely Type I, Type II, and gestational DM.
Comparative assessment of blood glucose monitoring techniques: a review
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2023
Nivad Ahmadian, Annamalai Manickavasagan, Amanat Ali
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the oldest diseases in human history as documented by ancient Egyptians. Avicenna (980–1037 AD) illustrated the first reference of urinary diabetes observation in his medical encyclopaedia “The Canon of Medicine” [1]. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease that impairs the glycemic profile of the body. The body’s primary source of energy is glucose which is released after the breakdown of dietary carbohydrates after their consumption [2]. Insulin is a critical hormone, which is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas. It regulates blood glucose levels and functions in maintaining the body's metabolism [2]. In case the body cannot produce enough insulin or cannot effectively consume the produced insulin, type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) occur, respectively [2]. The average concentration of fasting blood glucose (FBG) level must be 70–99 mg/dL (4–6mmol/L), and two hours after having a meal, the blood glucose (BG) level must be <140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) [2]. Any value lower or higher than the normal range of BG is reflected as hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia and can lead to health complications.
A review on artificial pancreas and regenerative medicine used in the management of Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2022
Pallavi Sachdeva, Ashrit R. M., Rahul Shukla, Ashish Sahani
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (often abbreviated as T1D or T1DM) affects nearly 15 in 100,000 people around the world, with the same number being met in Asia. It predominantly affects people under the age of 20 (nearly 85% of cases) and shows a strong genetic link [1–3]. Multiple studies have confirmed the long-standing suspicion that the chronic disease is true of autoimmune nature [4]. The beta cells in the pancreas responsible for insulin production are destroyed by defunct immunogenic agents resulting in an absolute insulin deficiency (the aetiology and pathogenesis are what contrasts it from type 2 diabetes where there is an increased insulin resistance compounds low insulin secretion leading to hyperglycaemia) [5]. Typical manifestations of the disease resulting from hyperglycaemia include frequent urination, excessive hunger and decreased wound healing [6]. The condition chronic hyperglycaemia and genetic variability causes the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), the creation of proinflammatory microenvironment, and the induction of oxidative substances which lead to the development of vascular complications. Effects on small blood vessels cause microvascular complications, such as diabetic neuropathy nephropathy and retinopathy and effect on larger blood vessels to cause macrovascular complication, such as ischaemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease [7,8]. The condition of diabetes (both type 1 and type2) increases the risk of stroke by five times [9].
Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of a methanolic extract of Mimosa pudica (Fabaceae) in diabetic rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2019
Subramani Parasuraman, Teoh Huey Ching, Chong Hao Leong, Urmila Banik
The MEMP and glibenclamide treated groups showed a reduction of the glucose levels compared to diabetic control. The decrease of the glucose levels may be due to the plasma insulin levels elevation or the enhancement of the blood glucose transportation in the peripheral tissue [33]. Glibenclamide could enhance the insulin secretion from the pancreatic beta cells by the closure of KATP channels. As a result, the membrane will be depolarized and cause the activation of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. The influx of the Ca2+ to the cells will initiate the secretion of insulin [34]. The production of insulin could lower down the glucose level and reverse back the glycemic control. There was a significant elevation of the glucose levels in the diabetic control and this may due to the damage of the beta cells of the pancreas.