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General Thermography
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
Sunburn involves a different damage mechanism, quite distinct from thermal burns. Thermal burns are caused by excess infrared (IR) exposure, which can penetrate deeply by conduction. Sunburn is caused by excess ultraviolet (UV) exposure, which does not penetrate the skin deeply or create much heat. UV exposure damages dermal cellular organelles and DNA, causing inflammation. Strong ultraviolet sources other than sunlight can also cause skin damage. Overexposure to a welding arc results in a type of UV burn that appears similar to sunburn, though the distribution over the skin is different. Like welder's burns, overexposure to UV reflecting off snow causes corneal photokeratitis (“snow blindness”) and can damage anatomy not usually affected by sunburn, such as the roof of the mouth or the interior of the nostrils.11
Nano-Finishing on Woolens
Published in Prashansa Sharma, Devsuni Singh, Vivek Dave, Fundamentals of Nano–Textile Science, 2023
Ajay Kumar, D.B. Shakyawar, Seiko Jose, Vinod Kadam, N. Shanmugam
The solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is composed of UV-A (400–315 nm), UV-B (315–290 nm) and UV-C (290–200 nm) region (Altun and Becenen, 2017). Among these, UV-A and UV-B are hazardous to human health. Prolonged UV exposure may cause sunburn, skin cancer, photo keratitis, and cataract (Yang et al., 2004; Rezaie et al., 2017; Sankaran et al., 2020). Textiles are good means of UV protection which is measured in terms of solar protection factor or ultraviolet protection factor (UPF). Fabrics with a UPF value in the range of 15–24 are referred as good UV protection while 25–39 as very good, and 40 or greater as excellent UV protection (Mong-kholrattanasit, 2011). Another measurement is transmittance (%) of dyed fabrics. Shabbir et al. (2018) deduced that if it is less than 5%, it means good UV protection. The level of UV protection depends on fiber type and fabric construction parameters (Pandey et al., 2018; Jose et al., 2019). The wool fabric has poor photo stability and exposure to light causes yellowing of the fabric (Montazer and Pakdel, 2010). UV protection can be enhanced by a finishing process in which fabric is coated with UV-blocking material such as TiO2. TiO2 has a higher refractive index than most of the other semiconductors (Yang et al., 2004). However; conventional finishing may alter the inherent fabric properties like bending and air permeability.
Project Management Process
Published in Abdul Razzak Rumane, Risk Management Applications Used to Sustain Quality in Projects, 2023
Furthermore, sunburns can alter the distribution and function of disease-fighting white blood cells for up to 24 hours after exposure to the sun. Repeated over-exposure to UV radiation can cause more damage to the body’s immune system. Mild sunburns can directly suppress the immune functions of human skin where the sunburn occurred, even in people with dark or brown skin. This means that it applies to all of us with Indian origin.
Assessment of occupational exposure to heat stress and solar ultraviolet radiation among groundskeepers in an eastern North Carolina university setting
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2018
Nicole Beck, Jo Anne G. Balanay, Terri Johnson
Exposure to solar UV radiation is known as the main cause of skin cancer,[20] and can cause sunburn that may increase the risk of skin cancer.[21] Outdoor workers receive 2–9 times more UV exposure[22] and nearly twofold relative risk of skin cancer compared to indoor workers.[23] Such occupational exposure significantly contributes to their overall UV dose, increasing their risk of skin cancer.[24] Previous studies[25–27] show that various outdoor workers have UV doses exceeding the 0.3 standard erythemal dose (SED) recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection.[28] Epidemiological evidence shows an increased risk of skin cancer among outdoor workers but skin cancer remains to be rarely recognized as an occupational disease.[24]
Comparison between EPA UV index app and UV monitor to assess risk for solar ultraviolet radiation exposure in agricultural settings in Eastern North Carolina
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2020
Danielle Dillane, Jo Anne G. Balanay
Agricultural workers spend a significant portion of their work day under the sun, exposing them to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation for extended periods of time and increasing their risk of UV-related illnesses. Exposure to solar UV radiation is recognized as the main cause of skin cancer (Armstrong and Kricker 2001) and can cause sunburn that may increase skin cancer risk (Glanz et al. 2007). Outdoor workers have nearly two-fold relative risk of skin cancer compared to indoor workers (Schmitt et al. 2011) and are 43% more likely to develop basal cell carcinoma (Bauer et al. 2011). Occupational solar UV exposure significantly contributes to the overall UV dose, increasing workers’ risk of skin cancer (Milon et al. 2014). Specifically, farmers were found to have increased incidence and risk of recurrence of basal cell carcinoma (Szewczyk et al. 2016). Studies (Vishvakarman et al. 2001; Thieden et al. 2005; Hammond et al. 2009) found that various outdoor workers have UV doses that exceeded the 0.3 standard erythemal dose (SED) recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP 2004). Previous studies have measured UV exposure among outdoor workers, including farmers, using personal UV dosimeters in several countries, such as Australia, Austria, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland, showing exposures exceeding occupational exposure limits (Gies and Wright 2003; Schmalwieser et al. 2010; Siani et al. 2011; Modenese et al. 2019; Serrano et al. 2009; Serrano et al. 2013; Milon et al. 2007). Beck et al. (2018) assessed the solar UV exposure of groundskeepers using area monitoring in the United States (U.S.). However, there are currently no published studies conducted in the U.S. that measured UV exposure in an agricultural setting.