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Smart Delivery Systems for Personal Care and Cosmetic Products
Published in Munmaya K. Mishra, Applications of Encapsulation and Controlled Release, 2019
Sunscreens are important skin care products that are designed to block ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which causes photoaging and potentially, skin cancer. The UV radiation that reaches the surface of the earth is composed of UVB (290 to 320 nm) and UVA (320 to 400 nm). While both UVA and UVB cause skin damage, they do not have identical modes of action. UVB is about 50–100 times more energetic than UVA. UVB can cause skin reddening and sunburn, but the damage is limited to the skin’s superficial epidermal layers. It plays a key role in the development of skin cancer. UVA is 30 to 50 times more prevalent than UVB and penetrates the skin more deeply, which makes it a major contributor to skin aging and wrinkling. The active ingredients in sunscreen formulations are UV absorbers. The UV absorbers that are currently approved for use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) can be either organic molecules or inorganic metal oxide particles, with each having its own unique UV absorption spectrum. To meet the broad spectrum coverage claim of a critical wavelength of >370 nm as defined by the FDA, formulators will have to incorporate various types of UV absorbers into the sunscreens.
Respiratory and Other Personal Protective Equipment
Published in Neil McManus, Safety and Health in Confined Spaces, 2018
Sunscreens are formulated to provide protection against UV (ultraviolet) energy radiated in sunlight. The sun is only one of many sources of UV that can occur in the workplace. Other sources include: welding arcs, lamps used for nondestructive testing involving fluorescent dyes and resin curing, mercury vapor lamps, unshielded electrical arcs, insect attractant lamps, and ozone generators. Sunscreens may provide protection against exposure from these sources.
Nonionizing Radiation
Published in Martin B., S.Z., of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Sunscreens and sun blocks may be used to protect the skin from sunburn. Blocks usually contain zinc oxide or titanium dioxide, and reflect the UV radiation. Sunscreens contain photoactive agents that absorb and react with UV radiation. It is important that a broad spectrum active agent or agents are used, so protection is afforded not only to actinic UV but to UV-A. The ability of these materials to protect the skin is characterized by the sun protection factor (SPF). Generally, an SPF = 15 is a minimum recommendation. It is important to note that the SPF is dependent on the amount of material used. So, it is possible to use an insufficient amount of sunscreen and not achieve the rated SPF.
Straightforward sustainable synthesis of novel non-endocrine disruptive bio-based organic UV-B filters with antimicrobial activity
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2023
Matthieu M. Mention, Cédric Peyrot, Blandine Godon, Jimmy Alarcan, Fanny Brunissen, Marina Grimaldi, Patrick Balaguer, Albert Braeuning, Florent Allais
While crucial for life on Earth, significant exposure to solar light can have negative effect on human skin (1). It has been widely shown that UV-B (280–320 nm) and UV-A (320–400 nm) radiations penetrate most of the skin barriers, leading to the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) (2), which in turn, induce oxidative stress and damage such as skin photoaging, inflammations, lipid membrane alteration or DNA mutation (3–6). In order to protect oneself against those radiations, a wide range of sunscreens is available, containing either mineral (i.e. TiO2, ZnO) or organic filters (i.e. octinoxate, avobenzone or octocrylene). Those petroleum-based organic filters are increasingly criticized due to their negative impact on both humans and the environment (i.e. endocrine disruption, coral bleaching, toxic degradation products) (7–9). In response to this issue, some countries have started to ban such filters, for instance, Hawaii issued a bill against the use and sale of avobenzone- or octinoxate-containing sunscreens from January 1st, 2021 (10). Consequently, offering a bio-based alternative, with reduced environmental and public health risks, is essential to protect humans against those harmful radiations while reducing or eliminating the negative impact of such UV filters.
Preparation and performance of SiO2-nanostructured lipid encapsulating sunscreen
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2022
Wanping Zhang, Qianhui Zhou, Qianjie Zhang, Haiyang Zhu, Dongmei Zhang
When sunscreens are used on human skin, they absorb ultraviolet rays and reduce sunburns, skin cancers, and allergies caused by UV irradiation.[1,2] An excessive amount of UV absorbers is added to the sunscreen products, which increases the toxicological risks and causes skin irritation.[3–5] The nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) is prepared from a mixture of solid and liquid oils used as a carrier for coating sunscreens.[6] It destroys the original lipid arrangement, further adding the sunscreen in fatty acid chains or between lipid layers and lattice defects.[7,8] Although NLC can increase the sunscreens coated amount and play a synergistic effect,[9,10] the overall synergistic ability is insufficient to meet the industrial demand.