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Urban Sources of Micropollutants: from the Catchment to the Lake
Published in Nathalie Chèvre, Andrew Barry, Florence Bonvin, Neil Graham, Jean-Luc Loizeau, Hans-Rudolf Pfeifer, Luca Rossi, Torsten Vennemann, Micropollutants in Large Lakes, 2018
Jonas Margot, Luca Rossi, D. A. Barry
Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters are fequently utilised in sunscreen agents and cosmetics to protect against sunburn or as preservatives to prevent UV degradation of other cosmetics ingredients. They enter aquatic environments either directly during recreational activity (bathing in lakes and rivers) or indirectly through municipal wastewater (washoff from skin during showering). Many (roughly 30) different UV filters are frequently used. Some of the most common are benzophenone-1, -3 (also called oxybenzone) and -4 (BP-1, BP-3, BP-4), 4-methylbenydlidene camphor (4-MBC), ethylhexyl methoxy cinnamate (EHMC; also called octyl-methoxycinnamate (OMC)), octocrylene (OC), octyl-triazone (OT) and butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDM) (Balmer et al., 2005; Kupper et al., 2006; Tsui et al., 2014). Concentrations of UV filters in Swiss raw wastewater vary seasonally from < 100 ng l−1 up to 20 pg l−1 with usually higher concentrations after sunny summer days (1-10 pg l−1 for 4-MBC, BP-3, EHMC, OT and OC) (Balmer et al., 2005; Kupper et al., 2006).
Emollient Esters and Oils
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
John Carson, Kevin F. Gallagher
Maleic acid is used to make a dioctyl ester, which has an extremely low viscosity with a high spreading coefficient. This ester finds use in spreading bath oils and in reducing the greasy feel of other esters. In addition, this ester is a good solvent for oxybenzone and therefore finds use in sunscreen formulations.
The Association between Sex Hormones, Pubertal Milestones and Benzophenone-3 Exposure, Measured by Urinary Biomarker or Questionnaire
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Courtney M Giannini, Bin Huang, Donald W Chandler, Cecily S Fassler, Richard C Schwartz, Frank M Biro, Susan M Pinney
Benzophenone-3 (BP-3), also known as oxybenzone, is the common active agent in most sunscreens. Recent studies have examined BP-3 as a candidate endocrine disrupting chemical, potentially contributing to the decrease in age of puberty among females in the United States. In addition, multiple animal studies suggest weak estrogenicity (Schlumpf et al. 2001; Takatori et al. 2003; Kerdivel et al. 2013; Kim and Choi 2014; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2017). BP-3 exposure is widespread and levels are relatively high compared to other well-studied endocrine disruptors such as bisphenol-A (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2017). The detection rate of BP-3 in urine in the 2003–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohort (at the time of the study reported here) was 96.8%, thus potential health effects of this BP-3 could impact a large percentage of the population (Calafat et al. 2008). An analysis of data from the entire Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program (BCERP) Puberty Cohort found that higher BP-3 urine concentration was associated with later age of thelarche (breast development) [HR = 0.95 (95% CI: 0.92–0.98, p = 0.001)] (Wolff et al. 2007, 2010, 2015). This was surprising because BP-3 has demonstrated estrogenic properties in vivo, and estrogens stimulate breast development (Schlumpf et al. 2001; Kerdivel et al. 2013; Kim and Choi 2014). Authors suggested anti-obesogenic properties of BP-3 as a potential mechanism for this delay (Wolff et al. 2015). Girls with lower BMIs have a greater surge in estradiol around the time of thelarche contrasted to girls with greater BMIs (Biro et al. 2014; Wolff et al. 2015), thus the effect of BP-3 may be less detectable. In this same cohort, higher BP-3 was associated with later menarche [HR = 0.95 (95% CI: 0.93–0.98, p-value = 0.002)], but associations were attenuated after adjustment for race/ethnicity and education [adjusted HR = 0.99 (0.95–1.02, p-value = 0.4)] (Wolff et al. 2017). Previous studies have only used pubertal milestones as an outcome but examining sex hormones during this peri-pubertal period is necessary to better understand the relationship between BP-3 exposure and pubertal milestones.