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Vaccines, Hepatitis B and Insulin Production
Published in Debabrata Das, Soumya Pandit, Industrial Biotechnology, 2021
This is a more recent advancement in the field of vaccine production. Modern advancements bring safer, more effective and cheaper vaccines. The subunit vaccine is a type in which instead of a living microorganism or a dead microorganism, only the antigens or the epitopes which can induce the antigen production are used. Sub-unit vaccines are also known as surface molecule vaccines, because the materials that induce antibody production are located at the surface of the microorganism. The advantages in using this kind of vaccine are that they are safer and there is less antigenic competition since only a few components of the microorganism are included in the vaccine production (Ellis and Brodeur, 2012). They have a disadvantage, this being that these vaccines require strong adjuvants; the compounds that are administered along with vaccines to increase their immunogenicity are known as adjuvants. These adjuvants often induce tissue reactions. The duration of the immunity that the vaccine provides is shorter than that of live vaccines.
Medical biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
Rather than introducing an inactivated or attenuated microorganism to an immune system (which would constitute a whole-agent vaccine), a fragment of it can create an immune response. These are called subunit vaccines. Characteristic examples include the subunit vaccine against the hepatitis B virus, which is composed of only the surface proteins of the virus (produced in yeast), and the viruslike particle (VLP) vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV), which is composed of the viral major capsid protein.
Medical Biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
Rather than introducing an inactivated or attenuated microorganism to an immune system (which would constitute a “whole-agent” vaccine), a fragment of it can create an immune response. These are called subunit vaccines. Characteristic examples include the subunit vaccine against the hepatitis B virus, which is composed of only the surface proteins of the virus (produced in yeast) and the virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV), which is composed of the viral major capsid protein.
Drying of Vaccines and Biomolecules
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Bhaskar N. Thorat, Ayantika Sett, A. S. Mujumdar
The primary requirement for a vaccine is the antibody generation to avert disease caused by intracellular as well as extracellular microorganism. This specific property identified by such antibodies are generally limited to very less number of surface attachments present on the surface of microorganism and these surface paraphernalia could be protein molecules or carbohydrate moieties. The first step of synthesis of subunit vaccine of viral as well as bacterial subgroup is identification and isolation of those components including polysaccharides, carbohydrate/conjugate preparations, and toxoids. A subunit vaccine is commonly a surface protein which is used to activate an immune response. It is derived from a pathogen and stimulate the immunity (acquired) against that pathogen. An interesting option is to isolate the specific protein from a virus and making dosages out of it. In another method, an antigen’s gene from the targeted virus or bacterium is put into another virus. An example of this is hepatitis B vaccine. A recombinant virus from an attenuated bacterium can serve as the important component of recombinant vaccine. The antigen obtained in this fashion is expected to be patient compliant. The vaccines for both Ebola and HIV viruses can be manufactured following the above technique. There are several polysaccharide vaccines which falls under the same category, where, the signature polysaccharides are linked to the capsular vaccine. Influenza surface antigens such as neuraminidase and hemagglutinin are responsible for making of viral vaccines.