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Antiviral Drugs as Tools for Nanomedicine
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C viruses (HBC), which are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV is a dsDNA virus of the hepadnaviridae family. It is estimated that approximately 350 million people worldwide are infected with HBV worldwide. Hepatitis B can lead to liver diseases, ranging from the acute hepatitis to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (Sarkar et al. 2015). HCV is a +ve stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. Around 180 million people are infected with hepatitis C virus worldwide (Goto et al. 2020). Liver cancer is the 6th most common cancer worldwide; it is the 2nd most common cause of cancer deaths. It is not realised that chronic hepatitis B is the primary global risk factor for developing liver cancer. Hepatitis B viruses cause hepatitis, which translates to “inflammation of liver.” The virus attacks the liver and weakens its detoxifying performance and ability to maintain the level of sugar in the blood. Chronic (long-term) infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C viruses can lead to liver cancer. Worldwide, hepatitis B is much more widespread than hepatitis C, making it a priority when it comes to the prevention of liver cancer. Approximately 292 million people around the world are living with hepatitis B infection (Chang 2011).
Vaccines, Hepatitis B and Insulin Production
Published in Debabrata Das, Soumya Pandit, Industrial Biotechnology, 2021
RDT can overcome the glitches in the production of vaccines (Figure 13.4). The important discovery has been that isolated components of the virus such as proteins ofthe virus coat, can also aid as antigens to provoke the synthesis of virus-specific antibodies. The antibodies bound to the virus after infection deactivate the virus. Based on this principle, the production of recombinant vaccines is a two-step process: the first involves cloning of insert in expression vectors and the second is the production of recombinant vaccinia viruses. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes infection of the liver and is transmitted by blood transfusion, inadequately sterilized syringes and needles and by sexual contact (Ellis and Brodeur, 2012). Vaccines are prepared from inactivated small surface antigen proteins (HbsAg) found in the serum of carriers. Viruses cannot be grown in tissue culture. The production of anti-hepatitis B vaccine is precarious as it involves working with very large quantities of the virus. The vaccines require large quantities of serum, which makes them very expensive (Chisari, 1996).
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
The source and transmission is humans – humans are the only reservoir. Hepatitis B and C are transmitted from person to person following contact with blood and body fluids of infected persons including transfusions of blood and blood products, sharing contaminated needles, and unhygienic skin tattooing. Hepatitis B can also be transmitted sexually and from mother to infant during childbirth (vertical spread) but these routes are less effective means of spreading the hepatitis C virus.
An Efficient Liver Disease Prediction Using Mask-Regional Convolutional Neural Network and Pelican Optimization Algorithm
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
J. Aswini, B. Yamini, K. Venkata Ramana, J. Jegan Amarnath
The liver is one of the significant organs in the human and it removes toxins from the body. It maintains healthier blood levels in the body [1]. If the liver fails to operate, many functions of the body are not performed because it causes damage to the body [2]. When the liver is infected by the virus it attacks the entire immune system. Liver diseases are caused by the hepatotropic virus-like hepatitis C virus, hepatitis delta virus, and hepatitis B virus (HBV). The HBV infection affects 257 million people worldwide and 1 million people are chronically affected by HBV and died of liver diseases [3]. Liver diseases are referred to as hepatitis diseases. Hepatitis B, A, E, C, and D are the five classes of strains that caused liver damage. The hepatitis C and hepatitis B strain of the virus resulted in chronic disease. Worldwide, 325 million people are suffered from hepatitis C or B. Liver cirrhosis occurs to liver distortion or fibrosis formation [4]. Due to hepatitis, the liver is inflamed which is caused by the formation of viruses such as B, C, or A [5]. Hepatitis B is spread by body fluids and it sometimes leads to chronic liver infection. Hepatitis C has transferred by the infected blood. The liver disease cannot show any symptoms initially and will stay for several years in the liver. The higher – fat deposits result in fatty liver diseases in the liver [6]. Smoking habits and consumption of alcohol will enhance the disease severity [7,8].
The analysis of fractional-order hepatitis B epidemiological model
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2022
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes liver inflammation. It is caused by a non-cytopathic virus. It causes HBV and targets liver cells but does not destroy host cells. There are several stages of HBV infection, acute, and chronic. Acute refers to the first six months of human exposure to the virus. Normally, during this phase, the immune system is able to eradicate the contamination, and in some cases, it can lead to further stages and can lead to illness throughout life. This is also called the chronic phase. If a person is positive for HBsAg for more than 180 days, it indicates that they have a chronic phase [1]. In this phase, people often have no record of the acute phase. This infection can cause scarring of the liver, liver dysfunction, and cancer of the liver [2]. The hepatitis B virus can be spread in a number of ways, including blood (razors, joint razors, toothbrushes, etc.), semen, and the vagina, [3]. Another key source of transmission is parental infection [4]. That is from a mother which is infected with her/his newly born child [5]. According to the WHO, millions of infections exist around the world, of which only in China there are 93 million [6]. HBV immunization vaccines are available that are highly effective and provide almost imperceptible immunity [7,8].
Large-scale purification of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen from Pichia pastoris with non-affinity chromatographic methods as a substitute to immunoaffinity chromatography
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Seyed Nezamedin Hosseini, Amin Javidanbardan, Behnaz Sadat Alizadeh Salim, Maryam Khatami
Immunization with the vaccine is the most effective way to prevent viral hepatitis B.[1] The first generation of hepatitis vaccine was purified from the plasma of the carriers.[2] However, this method of vaccine production was discarded due to the limited resources of the plasma and the risk of spreading the virus.[3,4] Via recombinant DNA technology technique, the gene of rHBsAg has been expressed in different host cells of prokaryote, yeast, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), insects and plants.[5–9] Among these host cells, P. pastoris provides an efficient and inexpensive heterologous system for the production of high-level functionally active rHBsAg.[9–13]