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Ambulatory and Remote Monitoring of Parkinson’s Disease Motor Symptoms
Published in Daniel Tze Huei Lai, Rezaul Begg, Marimuthu Palaniswami, Healthcare Sensor Networks, 2016
Joseph P. Giuffrida, Edward J. Rapp
Parkinson’s disease is caused by a loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain. While the exact reason for this neuron death remains unknown, significant strides have been made in the treatment of motor symptoms. Pharmaceutical interventions such as levodopa are typically prescribed to treat motor symptoms when patients are first diagnosed (Lozano 2001). However, over time, dyskinesias, or wild involuntary movements as a side effect of drug therapy, can develop as a motor complication. In addition to pharmaceuticals targeted to treat motor symptoms, new drug development is now focusing on neuroprotective strategies to slow or stop the progression of the disease. Another treatment option, deep brain stimulation, improves motor symptoms and reduces motor fluctuations and dyskinesia in patients whose symptoms cannot be managed with medications (Benabid et al. 2006). As of 2006, over 35,000 deep brain stimulation systems have been implanted worldwide (Benabid et al. 2006). Numerous studies show the benefits of electrically stimulating the subthalamic nucleus and the globus pallidus internus regions of the brain in Parkinson’s patients (Kumar 2002; Moro et al. 2006).
Medical device implants for neuromodulation
Published in Ze Zhang, Mahmoud Rouabhia, Simon E. Moulton, Conductive Polymers, 2018
Much research has focused on the effects of DBS on brain physiology. One hypothesis is that DBS activates the output from the site of stimulation and adjacent fiber pathways. By this means, high-frequency DBS overrides pathological neuronal discharges and enacts a more orderly effect on downstream brain nuclei. In patients with Parkinson’s disease, for example, DBS of the subthalamic nucleus may induce widespread normalization of activity by increasing activation of motor areas during movement execution, decreasing hyperactivity at rest, and modulating metabolic changes in other brain areas.
Deep Brain Stimulation Coding in Parkinson’s: An Evolving Approach
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2021
Dabbeta Anji Reddy, Venkateshwarla Rama Raju, G. Narsimha
Deep brain stimulus of subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) is a surgical technique that reduces tremors and restores motor functions in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease. DeLong [1] formulated a new model for the brain’s circuitry and exposed a fresh target for this illness and Benabid [2] devised an effective and reversible intervention that remedies neuronal misfirings. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative multisystem chronic disease. STN DBS has been used in advanced idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) since 1993. Many studies have reported significant improvement in the motor part of Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), motoric oscillations – fluctuations, and dyskinesia following DBS, during the off state of drug (med “OFF” state) [1–4]. Some studies also have reported a loss of the L-dopa response after the DBS surgical – operation.