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Behind the Scenes
Published in Ivana Špelić, Alka Mihelić-Bogdanić, Anica Hursa Šajatović, Standard Methods for Thermal Comfort Assessment of Clothing, 2019
Ivana Špelić, Alka Mihelić-Bogdanić, Anica Hursa Šajatović
There are three major levels of the central nervous system with specific functional characteristics – the spinal cord, the lower brain or subcortical level (medulla, pons, mesencephalon, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum and basal ganglia) and the higher brain or cortical level (Guyton and Hall, 2016). The CNS detects and processes sensory information from both the internal and external environment and comprises the following (Putz and Pabst, 2006; Kincaid, 2013b):Prosencephalon (also known as forebrain): telencephalon (also known as cerebrum consisting of basal nuclei and cerebral cortex) and diencephalon (composed of the thalamus, epithalamus, metathalamus, subthalamus and hypothalamus, with the third ventricle in the centre)Rhombencephalon (also known as hindbrain): metecephalon (consisting of the pons and cerebellum, also known as the little brain), myelencephalon (also known as medulla oblongata or afterbrain) and isthmus rhombencephaliMesencephalon (also known as midbrain)
The stress-response
Published in Herman Staudenmayer, Environmental Illness, 2018
Acute stress increases dopamine (DA) secretion and metabolism in a number of specific brain areas, including neurons that originate in the substantia nigra which is located in the midbrain, extending from the pons to the subthalamus region. The terminations of these neurons are mainly in the basal ganglia which is located in the cerebrum (Moore and Bloom, 1978). The DA innervation of the medial prefrontal cortex, which is considered part of the limbic system, appears to be particularly vulnerable to stress and has a lower threshold for DA release than other brain regions (Charney et al., 1993; Deutch and Roth, 1990).
Device profile of the percept PC deep brain stimulation system for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and related disorders
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
DBS devices and platforms from multiple manufacturers are currently available for commercial use, with specific indications that may vary by geographic region (Table 1). While each device has specific attributes and some unique features, the basic principles of stimulation remain identical. The goal is to apply a discreet electrical field within specific nodes of the pathologic network responsible for disease manifestations, in a manner that regularizes neuronal patterns and prevents transmission of pathologic bursting or oscillatory signals [34]. In movement disorders, the most common DBS targets are the subthalamic nucleus, the globus pallidus interna, and the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus.