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Introduction: Background Material
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The next major subdivision encountered is the diencephalon, consisting mainly of the thalamus, the hypothalamus just below the thalamus, including the posterior part of the pituitary gland, and the pineal gland. The thalamus constitutes about 80% of the diencephalon by volume and processes all sensory signals on their way to the cerebral cortex, with the exception of olfactory signals. It is involved in regulating sleep and wakefulness, arousal, and awareness. Its functions are discussed in Chapter 12. The hypothalamus is a regulatory center for several metabolic, autonomic, and behavioral responses, including body temperature, fluid and electrolytic balance, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, circadian rhythms, sexual activity, and emotional responses such as anger, fear, and pleasure. It controls endocrine function through the pituitary gland. The pineal gland produces melatonin, which regulates the circadian rhythm, that is, the night and day cycle.
Movement Control (Muscular Physiology)
Published in Emeric Arus, Biomechanics of Human Motion, 2017
The brain has numerous parts with different functions, but it has four major regions:The cerebrum is composed of the right and left cerebral hemispheres with different functions. The frontal lobe is the center for the intellect and motor control. The temporal lobe is the auditory center. The parietal lobe is the sensory information center. The occipital lobe is the visual input and its interpretation center.The diencephalon is comprised of the thalamus and hypothalamus and is located in the middle of the brain. The thalamus is a sensory integration center. The hypothalamus has many functions but the most important is regulating the homeostasis of the body.The cerebellum has the role of coordinating movement.The brain stem is comprised of the midbrain, the pons, and medulla oblongata. Among many functions, the brain stem is the connection site between the brain and the spinal cord. The spinal cord is connected to the medulla oblongata and has the function of carrying sensory and motor fibers between the brain and the end organs.
Behind the Scenes
Published in Ivana Špelić, Alka Mihelić-Bogdanić, Anica Hursa Šajatović, Standard Methods for Thermal Comfort Assessment of Clothing, 2019
Ivana Špelić, Alka Mihelić-Bogdanić, Anica Hursa Šajatović
The hypothalamus is the portion of the anterior end of the diencephalon that lies below the hypothalamic sulcus and in front of the interpeduncular nuclei (Manna, 2018), Figure 2.3. The hypothalamus, which represents less than 1% of the brain mass, is one of the most important of the control pathways of the limbic system and controls the internal functions and vegetative functions of the brain (Guyton and Hall, 2016), see Figure 2.3.
Advanced 4D-bioprinting technologies for brain tissue modeling and study
Published in International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, 2019
Timothy J. Esworthy, Shida Miao, Se-Jun Lee, Xuan Zhou, Haitao Cui, Yi Y. Zuo, Lijie Grace Zhang
The brain is anatomically partitioned into four interconnected tissue subsystems and is composed of an estimated 86 billion neurons, and some 85 billion non-neuronal cells [46,47]. In brief, the general tissue subsystems of the brain include the cerebrum (which is divided into two cerebral hemispheres), the brainstem, the diencephalon, and the cerebellum [46]. The brainstem is comprised of 3 main parts: (i) the midbrain (mesencephalon), which is associated with motor functioning; (ii) the pons, which encompasses several cranial nerve nuclei and serves as an important conduit for bidirectional neural tracts; and (iii) the medulla, which largely functions to regulate vital processes such as heart contraction and breathing [46,48]. The cerebellum or ‘little-brain’ is located adjacent to the brainstem in the posterior cranial fossa. Its distinctive exterior is composed of many fine grooves of undulating tissue known as folia, and as a whole, is largely associated with motor control and muscle memory [46,48]. The forebrain is composed of both the cerebrum and the diencephalon. The diencephalon houses both the thalamus, which serves as a cortical relay, and the hypothalamus, which largely works to modulate autonomic functions such as the regulation of body temperature [46,48]. The cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain and is divided into two, non-symmetrical hemispheres which entail the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala [46,48–50].