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The Continuing Threat of Waterborne Pathogens
Published in Joseph A. Cotruvo, Gunther F. Craun, Nancy Hearne, Providing Safe Drinking Water in Small Systems, 2019
Debra E. Friedman-Huffman, Joan B. Rose
In the 1980s the major concern of water utilities was dealing with coliform bacteria and the potential presence of Giardia cysts. In the 1990s the list of pathogenic waterborne microorganisms has grown exponentially. Previously unknown “bugs” such as Cryptosporidium, Microsporidia, Cyclospora and Mycobacterium have captured headlines detailing water and foodborne disease outbreaks. Outbreaks of disease from tap water have become a national problem. There is an average of 10 to 15 outbreaks in the U.S. per year associated with drinking water. There are over 100 types of bacteria, viruses and protozoa that can be found in contaminated water. Groundwaters, surface waters and distribution systems may be at risk. E. coli 0157:H7 has been a cause of serious illnesses, which can include kidney failure. Peptic ulcers and stomach cancer can be caused by Helicobacter pylori. Coxsackie B virus infections can cause degenerative heart disease and insulin-dependent diabetes. Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora can cause debilitating and often fatal diarrhea in immunocompromised individuals. As we move into the next century it will be important to arm drinking water utility personnel with current and comprehensive information regarding waterborne pathogens and the importance of maintaining vigilance in their control.
Helicobacter pylori, stomach cancer and its prevention in New Zealand
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Virginia Signal, Jason Gurney, Stephen Inns, Melissa McLeod, Dianne Sika-Paotonu, Sam Sowerbutts, Andrea Teng, Diana Sarfati
Stomach cancer has a poor prognosis, with many patients diagnosed at an advanced stage (Dicken et al. 2005; Abrams and Wang 2010; Allum et al. 2011) and most countries reporting five-year survival rates between 10% and 30% (Dicken et al. 2005; Crew and Neugut 2006; Forman and Burley 2006; Mercer and Robinson 2008). In New Zealand, nearly half of all patients are diagnosed with metastatic disease and the survival rate from stomach cancer overall is 20% (Signal 2016). However during 1991–2004, Māori with stomach cancer had excess mortality of 25% above that of non-Māori (Soeberg et al. 2012), and more recently (2006–2008) 30% poorer stomach cancer survival when compared with non-Māori (Signal 2016). Stage at diagnosis does not appear to be a contributor to this differential survival: no difference in stage was observed between Māori and non-Māori in two New Zealand studies that used clinical note review to provide accurate data about stomach cancer stage (Biggar et al. 2011; Signal et al. 2015).
Gastrointestinal tract disease recognition based on denoising capsule network
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
Yaw Afriyie, Benjamin A. Weyori, Alex A. Opoku
The automatic identification and classification of diseases such as skin cancer (Saba 2019)-(Khan et al., 2020), lung cancer (Muhmmad Irfan Sharif et al., 2019), brain tumor (M. I. Muhmmad Irfan Sharif et al., 2019), stomach cancer (M Attique Khan, Rubab et al., 2020), and a few others have been major study subjects in medical imaging for decades (Muhmmad Irfan Sharif et al., 2019)—(M Attique Khan, Akram et al., 2020). Cancers of the colon and tumors of the gastrointestinal tract are two of the most common gastrointestinal health problems in the United States (Siegel et al., 2017), killing between 60 and 70 million people each year, affecting between 60 and 70 million people each year. Stomach cancer claimed the lives of over one million individuals worldwide in 2017, making it the third-leading cause of death (Hyung et al., 2019). Most Colorectal cancers (CRCs) are caused by previous adenomas, and the adenoma-carcinoma sequence can be used to test for CRC and prevent it (Bretthauer, 2011). Colonoscopy combined with adenoma resection can reduce the risk of CRC by up to 80% and the related death by 50% (Vokes et al., 1993). The development of computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) technologies has proven immensely useful for doctors in their clinics (Akram et al., 2018), (Nasir et al., 2018), (M. Muhammad Sharif et al., 2021). CNNs, for instance, rely on pooling layers to handle the most significant information, which makes the network translationally invariant. Consequently, CNNs need to be augmented with a variety of data augmentation methods in order to generalize to other perspectives. The time and difficulty involved in these augmenting methods are, on the other hand, considerable. With dynamic routing, capsule networks were developed to overcome CNNs’ drawbacks (Sara et al., 2017).
Guanidine based copper(II) complexes: synthesis, structural elucidation, and biological evaluation
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Muhammad Said, Hizbullah Khan, Ghulam Murtaza, Muhammad Sirajuddin, Amin Badshah, Syed Muhammad Salman, Rukhsana Gul
Urease functions as a catalyst in urea hydrolysis to yield carbon dioxide and ammonia.[33] Moreover, bacterial types of ureases are in account to evolve various harmful clinical conditions for living organisms. It is considered as one of major causes of pathogenesis which are stimulated by Helicobacter pylori and offers a vital persona in ulcer of peptic origin which can leads to stomach cancer.[34] The urease inhibition score of the samples were determined according to a reported procedure.[35]