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Organoid Technology for Basic Science and Biomedical Research
Published in Hyun Jung Kim, Biomimetic Microengineering, 2020
Szu-Hsien (Sam) Wu, Jihoon Kim, Bon-Kyoung Koo
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterial pathogen which propagates in proximity to the epithelial lining of the stomach and is associated with human diseases such as gastric ulcers and gastric cancer. By injecting live H. pylori into the lumen of gastric organoids, it has been possible for the first time to study the host–pathogen interactions associated with this bacterium without the use of animals (McCracken et al. 2014; Bartfeld et al. 2015; Bartfeld 2016), an approach which has also been used to study Clostridium difficile (Leslie et al. 2015). More recently, Heo et al. injected oocysts from Cryptosporidium parvum (a common cause of diarrhea) into human AdSC-derived lung and small intestinal organoids, allowing C. parvum to propagate through its full life cycle. Temporal gene expression analyses of the infected organoids and the parasite itself revealed genes associated with infectivity and propagation during the C. parvum life cycle (Heo et al. 2018).
The Continuing Threat of Waterborne Pathogens
Published in Joseph A. Cotruvo, Gunther F. Craun, Nancy Hearne, Providing Safe Drinking Water in Small Systems, 2019
Debra E. Friedman-Huffman, Joan B. Rose
In the 1980s the major concern of water utilities was dealing with coliform bacteria and the potential presence of Giardia cysts. In the 1990s the list of pathogenic waterborne microorganisms has grown exponentially. Previously unknown “bugs” such as Cryptosporidium, Microsporidia, Cyclospora and Mycobacterium have captured headlines detailing water and foodborne disease outbreaks. Outbreaks of disease from tap water have become a national problem. There is an average of 10 to 15 outbreaks in the U.S. per year associated with drinking water. There are over 100 types of bacteria, viruses and protozoa that can be found in contaminated water. Groundwaters, surface waters and distribution systems may be at risk. E. coli 0157:H7 has been a cause of serious illnesses, which can include kidney failure. Peptic ulcers and stomach cancer can be caused by Helicobacter pylori. Coxsackie B virus infections can cause degenerative heart disease and insulin-dependent diabetes. Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora can cause debilitating and often fatal diarrhea in immunocompromised individuals. As we move into the next century it will be important to arm drinking water utility personnel with current and comprehensive information regarding waterborne pathogens and the importance of maintaining vigilance in their control.
Pathogens in Wastewater and Biosolids
Published in Eliot Epstein, LAND APPLICATION of SEWAGE SLUDGE and BIOSOLIDS, 2002
Helicobacter pylori is a human gastrointestinal pathogen involving gastritis, duodenal ulcers and gastric neoplasm (Gilbert et al., 1995). A major cause of peptic ulcer disease and gastric neoplasia, the common pathogen infiltrates about 60% of the world’s population (Cave, 1997). The mode of entry to the stomach is through the mouth. Infection appears to occur mostly during childhood. Fecal oral spread is a possibility, though fecal excretion has not been demonstrated (Cave, 1997). It has been very difficult to demonstrate its presence in the environment and is not presently recovered from sewage. Cave reported that changes in sanitary conditions since World War II resulted in a substantial decrease of the organism. Grubel et al. (1997) suggested that flies may pick up H. pylori in human wastes, particularly from untreated sewage, and deposit contaminated fly excreta on food or even directly onto the oral mucous membranes of young children.
A novel fuzzy expert system design to assist with peptic ulcer disease diagnosis
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2021
Saeedreza Arab, Kianaz Rezaee, Ghazaleh Moghaddam
A peptic ulcer is one of the essential diagnosis concerns (Lanas & Chan, 2017). Peptic ulcer illness involving duodenal and gastric ulcer is the most common gastrointestinal disorderliness (Laine & Peterson, 1994; Umashanker & Shruti, 2011). A peptic ulcer is a lesion in the lining mucosa of the digestive tract, typically in the stomach or duodenum. It is caused by the digestive action of pepsin and stomach acid. Different factors such as Helicobacter pylori can cause gastrointestinal ulcers (Fashner & Gitu, 2015). Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacteria that can cause stomach infections and inflammation (Malfertheiner et al., 2017). Gastroenterologists decide based on diagnostic, therapeutic and monitoring problems (Quinlan, 1986). In health-care procedures diagnostic part is started by evaluating clinical data from physical examination and patient history. The diagnostic hypotheses given at this level are refined and ultimately confirmed with more information in the following part. Disease classes are defined as erosive gastritis, gastro-oesophagealreflux, chronic antral gastritis, and peptic ulcer (Umashanker & Shruti, 2011). Frequent use of drugs, smoking, alcohol, radiation therapy, and gastric cancer are among other causes of ulcers (Ramakrishnan & Salinas, 2007). Furthermore, it is important to note that suggested pharmaceutical products for gastric ulcers are not occasionally effective. To the best of our knowledge, numerous unfavorable symptoms are reported as a result of using them. Nowadays, the focus on herbal studies represents a high potential application of medicinal herbs in this field (Pena-Reyes & Sipper, 1999). It is valuable to diagnose disease according to the symptoms at an early stage to treat by either chemical or herbal medications.
Guanidine based copper(II) complexes: synthesis, structural elucidation, and biological evaluation
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Muhammad Said, Hizbullah Khan, Ghulam Murtaza, Muhammad Sirajuddin, Amin Badshah, Syed Muhammad Salman, Rukhsana Gul
Urease functions as a catalyst in urea hydrolysis to yield carbon dioxide and ammonia.[33] Moreover, bacterial types of ureases are in account to evolve various harmful clinical conditions for living organisms. It is considered as one of major causes of pathogenesis which are stimulated by Helicobacter pylori and offers a vital persona in ulcer of peptic origin which can leads to stomach cancer.[34] The urease inhibition score of the samples were determined according to a reported procedure.[35]
Overview of biological mechanisms of human carcinogens
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
Nicholas Birkett, Mustafa Al-Zoughool, Michael Bird, Robert A. Baan, Jan Zielinski, Daniel Krewski
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium that exists mainly in mucous-secreting gastric cells. This bacterium produces non-cardia gastric carcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. There is evidence that chronic H. pylori infection reduces the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus perhaps through production of gastric atrophy.