Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Social Construction of Airborne Infections
Published in AnnaMarie Bliss, Dak Kopec, Architectural Factors for Infection and Disease Control, 2023
Infectious diseases spread in various ways. Some travel through vectors like insects, for example, malaria, trachoma, Lyme disease, and bubonic plague. Others are ingested through contaminated food or water, for example, cholera, dysentery, giardia, and norovirus. Still others involve direct person-to-person contact, for example, syphilis, hepatitis B and C, and staph infection. Many pathogens transmit through multiple modes. For instance, trachoma is an eye infection caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. It spreads through direct person-to-person contact and indirect contact with fomites (inanimate objects that are contaminated with pathogens) but is also vector-borne because it is carried by flies. Another example is staph infection, a disease caused by the staphylococcus bacteria which expresses itself in many different ways including skin infections, food poisoning, and toxic shock syndrome. It is also transmitted through direct person-to-person contact and indirect contact with fomites. Some evidence suggests that Staphylococcus aureus – the antimicrobial resistant form of staph known as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) – can be transmitted through airborne droplets (Kozajda, Jeżak, & Kapsa, 2019). Pathogens, and diseases they cause, are complex, and understanding their mode(s) of transmission is essential in determining how to reduce risk.
Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococcus Aureus: a Review
Published in Megh R Goyal, Sustainable Biological Systems for Agriculture, 2018
Divya Lakshminarayanan, Jessen George, Suriyanarayanan Sarvajayakesavalu
Over the last two decades antibiotic resistance has been given a lot of attention in the scientific community and the public. Antibiotic resistance has developed over time from resistance to single classes of antibiotics to multi-drug resistance (MDR) and extreme drug resistance.9Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium and versatile human pathogen causing skin infections ranging from mild involvement of skin and soft tissue to life-threatening systemic illness.23, 24 To treat the infections caused by penicillin-resistant 5. aureus, the methicillin was introduced in 1959. In 1961 there were reports from the United Kingdom of 5. aureus isolates that had acquired resistance to methicillin (methicillin-resistant 5. aureus (MRSA))12 and MRSA isolates were soon recovered from other European countries, an later from other countries.8
Hemolytic Assay of Biocompatible Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Ali Pourhashemi, Sankar Chandra Deka, A. K. Haghi, Research Methods and Applications in Chemical and Biological Engineering, 2019
Poonam Khullar, Lavanya Tandon, Rajpreet Kaur, Divya Mandial
This area is of keen interest due to the growing concern of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The platelet membrane-coated NPs can also target to opportunistic bacteria, this is so because bacteria exploit platelets as a way to shield themselves from the immune system and localize to certain vulnerable tissues. The binding between platelets and bacteria is complex and occurs through the direct adhesion through bacterial surface protein. The platelet membrane-coated NPs (PNPs) have been developed by Hu et al. which are capable of multiple biological interactions. This binding has improved the bacteria killing efficacy and decreases the overall bacterial load.
Application of Markov models to predict changes in nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among industrial hog operations workers
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2022
Melissa G. Edmondson, Christopher D. Heaney, Meghan F. Davis, Gurumurthy Ramachandran
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that causes several adverse health outcomes, including skin and soft tissue infections in humans. S. aureus infection remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, causing nearly 120,000 bloodstream infections and 20,000 deaths in the United States in 2017 (Kourtis et al. 2019). Focused infection prevention and control efforts have resulted in reduced infection rates within the healthcare industry, but infection rates occurring outside of healthcare settings continue to persist. In addition to circulating community strains, an emergence of people becoming infected with livestock-associated strains of S. aureus has been observed in the last two decades, particularly among workers who have contact with animals (Fitzgerald 2012; Cuny et al. 2015; Smith 2015).
Uncertainty quantification using probabilistic numerics: application to models in mathematical epidemiology
Published in Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering, 2018
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium commonly found in the human nasal mucosa or on the skin [11]. Although generally harmless to healthy individuals, this bacterium can cause a range of infections in its hosts, from benign skin and soft tissue infections to endocarditis and sepsis [12]. It is, in fact, the most common bacterial pathogen isolated from human infections [12,13]. When treating S. aureus infections, the strains which show resistance to the first-line defence of antibiotic treatments present a considerable burden to the patient as well as to the health care system. Since the start of a widespread use of antibiotics in the second half of the twentieth century, antibiotic resistant S. aureus strains have become widespread. Of particular concern has been the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which is resistant to penicillin and all of its derivatives.
Synthesis, characterization, X-ray crystal structures and antibacterial properties of cobaloximes with aniline based ligands containing acid functionality
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
S. Boopalan, Aneesha Antony, Nienu Susan Loyid, V. Vijaikanth, S. Murugan
Among the various microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus remains a dangerous pathogen in humans and capable of causing wide range of infections.[46] The role of antibiotics is well known but presently there is large increase of resistance by bacteria against the antibiotics. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most widespread pathogens and is usually resistant to multiple antibiotics. These infections are difficult to treat particularly among the hospitalized patients.[47]