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Gastrointestinal tract and salivary glands
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The large intestine is approximately 1.5 m long from caecum to anus, with a variable calibre from between 9 and 3 cm. It lies peripheral to the small intestine, with the more lateral structures being relatively fixed in position. From the right iliac fossa where the terminal ileum communicates via the ileo-caecal valve, the ceacum extends superiorly as the ascending colon before it turns abruptly to the left, beneath the liver, at the hepatic flexure. Crossing the abdomen, the transverse colon turns inferiorly at the splenic flexure, where it continues as the descending colon. The bowel loops to a variable degree at the sigmoid colon, passing along the posterior wall of the pelvis where it merges with the rectum at the recto-sigmoid junction. The rectum is 13 cm long and is a dilated part of the large intestine, continuous with the anal canal and anus. The large intestine displays large sacculations known as haustra that are thought to slow the passage of digested matter. The relations of the large intestine are complex and variable as the bowel traverses the different regions of the abdomen (Figs 5.52a–c).
The role of computed tomography data in the design of a robotic magnetically-guided endoscopic platform
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2018
Peisen Zhang, Jing Li, Yang Hao, Federico Bianchi, Gastone Ciuti, Tatsuo Arai, Qiang Huang, Paolo Dario
Statistic data of 619 cases of colorectal cancer from the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute reveal that this cancer occurs in all segments of the large bowel, and the probability that tumor formation occurs in the ascending to transverse colon, the splenic flexure to sigmoid colon, the rectum, and the cecum is 32.5, 26.8, 22.1, and 18.4%, respectively [22]. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that the motion range of the endoscopic capsule can reach the cecum.
Numerical evaluation of the efficacy of small-caliber colonoscopes in reducing patient pain during a colonoscopy
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
The boundary constraints for the models of colon and colonoscope are shown in Figure 3. The edge nodes at each end of the colon models and all the nodes comprising the rectum, splenic flexure, hepatic flexure and ascending colon sections were fixed, which are marked with red line (Loeve et al. 2013).