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Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
Published in Ashwani Kumar, Mangey Ram, Yogesh Kumar Singla, Advanced Materials for Biomechanical Applications, 2022
Vikram Hastak, Suresh Bandi, Ajeet K. Srivastav
MPI is the latest medical quantitative imaging technique at a level of millimeter resolution, which was first introduced by Gleich and Weizenecker in 2005 [123]. It is a non-invasive, tomographic, and 3D dynamic biomedical imaging technique used to visualize the distribution of superparamagnetic iron IONPs in tissue organs. The direct addition of nanoscale magnetic molecular probes (NMP) makes MPI more sensitive than MRI [124]. The signal of MPI is generated due to the magnetization effect of nanoparticles [125]. There are numerous applications of MPI including cardiovascular imaging, sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), cancer targeting, and cell tracking in the living bodies [126,127]. Despite the stem cells, MPI was also used to monitor blood circulation by operating IONPs labeled with red blood cells. There are two types of relaxation mechanisms involved in the MPI process, one is Brownian rotation and the second is Neel rotation. The transition frequencies of Neel and Brownian motion are dependent on the nanoparticle size, anisotropy, and viscosity of the medium. In addition, the magnetization behavior of large diameter particles is anisotropic in nature [128].
PLGA-Based Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy
Published in Jince Thomas, Sabu Thomas, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Jiya Jose, Nanoparticles in Polymer Systems for Biomedical Applications, 2019
Tumor imaging plays a key role in clinical oncology by helping to identify solid tumors, determine recurrence and monitor therapeutic responses. The development of noninvasive molecular imaging systems able to detect tumors at early stages would represent a considerable improvement over the current available clinical diagnostic methods. The development of NPs for the delivery of contrast agents has emerged in recent years since the possibility of the fabrication of multifunctional NPs able to specifically target the tumor. PLGA was used to formulate NPs encapsulating super paramagnetic iron oxides for MRI. This system enhanced the imaging effects along with increasing the half-life of NPs in the blood stream, thereby reducing their side effects.142 Another example consists in the encapsulation of a radiotracer; technetium-99m (99mTc), in PLGA NPs for sentinel lymph node detection. Biodistribution and scintigraphic imaging studies performed in Wistar rats revealed localization of 99mTc-labeled PLGA NPs.
Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
Sentinel lymph node is the hypothetical first lymph node or group of nodes draining a cancer. In case of established cancerous dissemination it is postulated that the sentinel lymph node/s is/are the target organs primarily reached by metastasizing cancer cells from the tumor. Thus, sentinel lymph nodes can be totally void of cancer, due to the fact that they were detected prior to dissemination. The concept of the sentinel lymph node is important because of the advent of the sentinel lymph node biopsy technique, also known as a sentinel node procedure. This technique is used in the staging of certain types of cancer to see if they have spread to any lymph nodes, since lymph node metastasis is one of the most important prognostic signs. It can also guide the surgeon to the appropriate therapy.
Modelling uptake and transport of therapeutic agents through the lymphatic system
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
T. D. Jayathungage Don, V. Suresh, J. E. Cater, R. J. Clarke
Studies that model the extended peripheral lymphatic vessel network are rarer. The optimal organisational structure of the lymphatic capillary network has been investigated through the use of homogenization theory (Roose and Swartz 2012), which leads to a volume-averaged representation of the initial lymphatics as an anisotropic porous medium. There has also been some modelling work undertaken in the context of lymphatic imaging, which is often used to facilitate disease staging for a variety of cancers and for lymphoedema (Thompson and Uren 2005; Suami et al. 2019). For example, lymphoscintigraphy (LS) is used to identify which lymph nodes directly drain a cancerous tumour. This is done by injecting a radiocolloid at the primary tumour site, so that lymphatic drainage can be mapped and the draining sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) identified for biopsy. Prior modelling work analysing LS imaging has shown collective patterns of lymphatic drainage from primary tumours to SLNs (Reynolds et al. 2007; Blumgart et al. 2011), however, these models did not explicitly include the lymphatic vessels.