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Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
Published in Ashwani Kumar, Mangey Ram, Yogesh Kumar Singla, Advanced Materials for Biomechanical Applications, 2022
Vikram Hastak, Suresh Bandi, Ajeet K. Srivastav
MPI is the latest medical quantitative imaging technique at a level of millimeter resolution, which was first introduced by Gleich and Weizenecker in 2005 [123]. It is a non-invasive, tomographic, and 3D dynamic biomedical imaging technique used to visualize the distribution of superparamagnetic iron IONPs in tissue organs. The direct addition of nanoscale magnetic molecular probes (NMP) makes MPI more sensitive than MRI [124]. The signal of MPI is generated due to the magnetization effect of nanoparticles [125]. There are numerous applications of MPI including cardiovascular imaging, sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), cancer targeting, and cell tracking in the living bodies [126,127]. Despite the stem cells, MPI was also used to monitor blood circulation by operating IONPs labeled with red blood cells. There are two types of relaxation mechanisms involved in the MPI process, one is Brownian rotation and the second is Neel rotation. The transition frequencies of Neel and Brownian motion are dependent on the nanoparticle size, anisotropy, and viscosity of the medium. In addition, the magnetization behavior of large diameter particles is anisotropic in nature [128].
Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
Sentinel lymph node is the hypothetical first lymph node or group of nodes draining a cancer. In case of established cancerous dissemination it is postulated that the sentinel lymph node/s is/are the target organs primarily reached by metastasizing cancer cells from the tumor. Thus, sentinel lymph nodes can be totally void of cancer, due to the fact that they were detected prior to dissemination. The concept of the sentinel lymph node is important because of the advent of the sentinel lymph node biopsy technique, also known as a sentinel node procedure. This technique is used in the staging of certain types of cancer to see if they have spread to any lymph nodes, since lymph node metastasis is one of the most important prognostic signs. It can also guide the surgeon to the appropriate therapy.
Breast imaging
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Prognosis of breast cancer is greatly affected by axillary lymph node status at the time of diagnosis. Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is definitive in defining axillary node status, however is associated with a number of complications including lymphoedema, pain and reduced shoulder movement. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SNLB) is much less traumatic than ALND. The sentinel lymph node is the first axillary lymph node on the lymphatic drainage pathway from the tumour, and therefore the first node to receive tumour cells if lymphatic metastatic spread has occurred. If the sentinel axillary lymph node can be identified and shown to be tumour free, then spread to any other axillary nodes is excluded with a high degree of accuracy.
Radar reflector guided axillary surgery in node positive breast cancer patients
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Joshua A. Feinberg, Deborah Axelrod, Amber Guth, Leonel Maldonado, Farbod Darvishian, Nakisa Pourkey, Jenny Goodgal, Freya Schnabel
Our study demonstrated a 100% successful localization and retrieval rate following the use of RRL. When compared with cALND, axillary surgery using RRL was associated with a greater than 50% reduction in the median number of lymph nodes removed. The value of the radar localization system is not exclusive to patients previously treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. As our study demonstrates, the device facilitates excision of lymph nodes with indeterminate or discordant pathology after core biopsy. Furthermore, the device can serve as an adjunct to sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with a low burden of axillary disease who do not otherwise meet criteria for NAC. Consistent with the current trend toward de-escalation of axillary surgery, our study provides evidence that the radar reflector guidance system allows removal of fewer lymph nodes while providing accurate oncologic staging of the axillary nodal basin. Further multi-center studies are required to asses cost-efficiency of the device.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) for the early detection of breast cancer: a scoping review to assess AI’s potential in breast screening practice
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Nehmat Houssami, Georgia Kirkpatrick-Jones, Naomi Noguchi, Christoph I. Lee
In the context of breast cancer, ongoing research using AI for early detection includes a global effort attempting to develop advanced machine learning algorithms for interpreting screening mammograms to potentially improve breast cancer screening by reducing false-positives [2,3]. The potential application of AI in breast cancer diagnostics extends to imaging modalities and also pathology interpretation, for example, AI has been shown to augment identification of metastatic breast cancer in whole-slide images of sentinel lymph node biopsy [4]. We focus on early detection of breast cancer in this work to gauge the potential role of contemporary AI systems in screening practice.