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Host Response to Biomaterials
Published in Claudio Migliaresi, Antonella Motta, Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering, 2014
Sangeetha Srinivasan, Julia E. Babensee
Scar-free healing is a desirable wound healing outcome. Interestingly, embryonic/fetal but not adult wounds have been shown to heal with minimal or no scarring. This is primarily due to the difference in physicochemical composition of the wound that offer distinct physiological cues to concomitant cell types.161,162 In a study comparing fetal and post-natal wounds, it has been seen that Wnt signaling, TGF-b isoforms, hyaluronan contents, and expression of hyaluronan regulatory enzymes played crucial roles in scar-free healing.163 Embryonic/fetal wounds heal without scarring demonstrated reduced inflammatory response hence altered cytokine profile, reduced wound angiogenesis, absence of fetal wound fibrin clots, lots of hyaluronic acid, presence of high levels of morphogenetic factors involved in skin growth, remodeling, and morphogenesis in embryonic skin because constantly/rapidly growing, high levels of FGF in embryonic wounds while PDGF (from platelets) is high in adult wounds. Interestingly, in adults, TGF-b1 and TGF-b2 are present at high levels while TGF-b3 is present at low levels.164 The opposite is true in embryonic would that heals scar-free with high levels of TGF-b3 and low levels of the other two isoforms.
A bilayer scaffold prepared from collagen and carboxymethyl cellulose for skin tissue engineering applications
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Cemile Kilic Bektas, Ilgin Kimiz, Aylin Sendemir, Vasif Hasirci, Nesrin Hasirci
ECM production by the dermal fibroblasts, especially Collagen types I and III, should be in balance for proper wound healing and prevention of scar formation [44,57]. Therefore, a balanced bFGF expression rather than its continuous increase is desirable. Involvement of dermal fibroblasts in scar formation has been shown in the literature [58]. Besides, Dang et al. [59] also showed that down regulation takes place in bFGF expression during scarless healing. Therefore, the increase in bFGF expression observed in BLCollCS scaffolds until Day 4 may be an indication of the halting of keratinocyte proliferation and the following downregulation. This may indicate a scar free healing, a desirable result for tissue engineering applications.