China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Regeneration of Cardiomyocytes from Bone Marrow Stem Cells and Application to Cell Transplantation Therapy
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
It is well known that skeletal muscle cells contain stem cells, called “satellite cells”. Satellite cells can both proliferate by cell division and differentiate into skeletal muscle cells, and the differentiated skeletal muscle cells can fuse to form myotubes. By contrast, fetal cardiomyocytes can proliferate by cell division, but they undergo terminal differentiation and stop dividing after birth. A number of studies have reported that cardiomyocytes increase in size by cell hypertrophy, not by cell hyperplasia. To our knowledge there have been no reports of the presence of satellite-cell-like cardiac stem cells in the heart. Beitrani et al recently reported that human cardiomyocytes express Ki67, a marker of cell division, and the M phase of the nucleus of the cardiomyocytes was observed in the border zone area of recent myocardial infarction in autopsied hearts.13 These findings suggested that only a very few adult cardiomyocytes can divide after the terminal differentiation. Although their findings were very interesting, these cells were insufficient to improve cardiac function, since the population of these cells was very small.
Environmental factors contribute to skeletal muscle and spinal cord regeneration
Published in David M. Gardiner, Regenerative Engineering and Developmental Biology, 2017
Ophelia Ehrlich, Yona Goldshmit, Peter Currie
Skeletal muscle is a paradigmatic example of a tissue harboring an adult muscle stem cell niche. Skeletal muscle stem cells are mononucleate cells termed satellite cells, as they are located adjacent to muscle fibers underneath the basement membrane surrounding individual fibers (Mauro 1961; Hack et al. 2000; Guyon et al. 2005; Bunnell et al. 2008). Quiescent muscle stem cells become stimulated by muscle damage, and the local microenvironment is crucial in modulating the muscle stem cell activation. Extracellular matrix molecules and secreted factors have multiple interactions with stem cells that regulate cell fate and determine if they are to proliferate, migrate, differentiate, or self-renew (Hynes 1987; Serrano and Muñoz-Cánoves 2010; Dumont et al. 2015a). Activated satellite cells re-enter the cell cycle to generate a population of daughter cells that commit to differentiate to produce myoblasts that will fuse to other fibers (Shimaoka and Springer 2003; Figeac et al. 2007; Keefe et al. 2015). Pax7 is the most commonly used marker of satellite cells; however, there are many other markers that are used to identify these cells or a subset of them, including c-met, Pax3, and integrin-α7 (Williams et al. 1994; Clark and Brugge 1995; Giancotti and Ruoslahti 1999; Seale et al. 2000; Takada et al. 2007; Morgan and Zammit 2010). On injury, the process of muscle regeneration includes phases of inflammation, fiber renewal, and fibrosis (Pierschbacher and Ruoslahti 1983; Hawke 2001).
Optimizing 3D Models of Engineered Skeletal Muscle
Published in Karen J.L. Burg, Didier Dréau, Timothy Burg, Engineering 3D Tissue Test Systems, 2017
Megan E. Kondash, Brittany N. J. Davis, George A. Truskey
In native muscle tissue, satellite cells are the primary cell type responsible for muscle regeneration. They are normally quiescent and are identifiable both by their positioning close to myofibers, in a niche between the basal lamina and sarcolemma of the fiber, and expression of Pax7. Activation of satellite cells can be caused by injury, mechanical stretch, or secreted growth factors, and is marked by initiation of proliferation and the coexpression of Pax7 and MyoD (Le Grand and Rudnicki 2007). Once the cells have been activated to a proliferative state they can either commit to a differentiated fate, downregulating Pax7 and upregulating myogenin (MyoG) expression until they undergo fusion to form MyoG+ myotubes expressing differentiation markers such as myosin heavy chain, incorporate into an existing myotube, or continue to self-renew, eventually downregulating MyoD expression and repopulating the stem cell niche as Pax7+ cells (Edom et al. 1994; Le Grand and Rudnicki 2007; Fishman et al. 2013).
Exercise-induced muscle damage: What is it, what causes it and what are the nutritional solutions?
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2019
Daniel J. Owens, Craig Twist, James N. Cobley, Glyn Howatson, Graeme L. Close
The activation and expansion of satellite cells after strenuous muscle activity is well-documented in humans. Cermak et al. (2013) reported that 24 hs after 300 eccentric contractions, satellite cell content of type II fibers was increased. Similarly, single bouts of intense resistance exercise such as 45 cm drop jumps combined with maximal eccentric knee flexions on an isokinetic dynamometer (Crameri et al., 2004), high volume maximal unilateral eccentric dynamometry of the knee flexors (Dreyer, Blanco, Sattler, Schroeder, & Wiswell, 2006) and electrical stimulation (Mackey & Kjaer, 2017) all increase satellite cell activity. As these studies typically employ eccentric contractions, it has been suggested that it is exclusively eccentric contractions that lead to satellite cell activation. In a recent trial, a work-matched bout of repeated sets of eccentric or concentric contractions was employed (40 kJ work total per condition). The main finding was a 27% increase in satellite cell content at 24 hs after exercise in the eccentric but not the concentric exercise group, suggesting that satellite cells are differentially activated depending on contraction type (Hyldahl et al., 2014).
Tissue engineering to treat pelvic organ prolapse
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Deyu Yang, Min Zhang, Kehai Liu
Muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs), which are called ‘Satellite cells’, are easily accessible alternative candidates with low immunogenicity and long survival time after transplantation [58]. The muscle cells of fresh muscle fiber fragments (MFFs) are inactive, while satellite cells survive. Following inflammatory response's activation, satellite cells will go through asymmetric division into new cells that eventually fuse to form new muscle fibers [59].
Reallocating sitting time to standing or stepping through isotemporal analysis: associations with markers of chronic low-grade inflammation
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
Joseph Henson, Charlotte L. Edwardson, Danielle H. Bodicoat, Kishan Bakrania, Melanie J. Davies, Kamlesh Khunti, Duncan C. S. Talbot, Thomas Yates
The beneficial association between IL-6 and standing is a novel finding and may suggest a link with low-grade inflammation. These findings are broadly consistent with previous research which has demonstrated cross-sectional associations between objectively measured (Henson et al., 2013) and self-reported (Yates, Khunti, et al., 2012) sedentary behaviour and IL-6, independent of MVPA. Furthermore, an increase in ambulatory activity, is known to have a strong inverse correlation with sedentary behaviour (Healy et al., 2011), and has been shown to be associated with reduced IL-6 in those with IGT, independent of obesity (Yates et al., 2010). IL-6 is a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine produced by immune and non-immune cells (mainly adipose tissue and skeletal muscle) which acts upon a wide range of tissues through the modulation of cell growth and differentiation (Pedersen, 2012). Although primarily considered a proinflammatory hormone, it is known that the isoform released by skeletal muscle also has anti-inflammatory effects (Pedersen & Febbraio, 2012). Given its pleiotropic nature, IL-6 is one of the few genuine myokines that are produced by and/or act upon skeletal muscle. In response to muscle contractions, satellite cells are activated, proliferated, differentiated and fused to form new myofibres (Munoz-Canoves, Scheele, Pedersen, & Serrano, 2013). Subsequently, standing and stepping (both light and MVPA) may trigger and control the distinct actions of satellite cells through the myogenic process, increasing in an exponential fashion proportional to the length of activity and amount of muscle mass engaged, hence the more pronounced results for light (−28%) and MVPA stepping (−16%) vs. standing (−4%). Nevertheless, this speculative hypothesis of standing and stepping eliciting changes in IL-6 has not been previously tested in an experimental context as the large majority of studies have focused upon the release of IL-6 following bouts of MVPA.