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Biomaterials in Bone and Muscle Regeneration
Published in Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Tissue Engineering, 2022
Shesan John Owonubi, Eric Gayom, Blessing A. Aderibigbe, Neerish Revaprasadu
Generally, synthetic scaffold materials morphology—fiber alignment and sizes of pores are tunable and they are usually tuned to mimic ECM (Klumpp et al., 2010). The fiber organization has been directed by researchers since these synthetic materials do not possess similar biochemical composition to ECM (Choi et al., 2008; Aviss et al., 2010). For example, pristine hydrogels do not possess organization for cell attachment, but by modification of their surfaces, researchers have been employed in skeletal muscle tissue engineering. Similarly, using soft photolithography, micropatterning has been employed to encourage cell adherence and proliferation by researchers (Huang et al., 2010). In addition to developing scaffolds, some researchers have sought to engineer skeletal muscle tissue from cells. Tissue-engineered skeletal muscle can function as a model for pharmacological research, a tool for understanding embryological development and/or myogenesis or a therapeutic intervention for repairing skeletal muscle trauma. Two separate groups have been using tissue-engineered skeletal muscle under in vivo conditions and, more importantly, within skeletal muscle tissue. Dr Juhas and Dr Bursac from Duke University and Dr Larkin from the University of Michigan have developed constructs that produce contractile force and, in the case of Dr Larkin’s research, have successfully integrated into damaged host muscle. Juhas et al. fabricated engineered skeletal muscle by first molding a Matrigel hydrogel with primary rat myoblasts in a polydimethylsiloxane mold (Juhas et al., 2016).
Electroactive Shape Memory Polymer Composites
Published in D I Arun, P Chakravarthy, R Arockiakumar, B Santhosh, Shape Memory Materials, 2018
D I Arun, P Chakravarthy, R Arockiakumar, B Santhosh
Many bioapplications of electroactive SMPs with tunable Tg near human body temperature have been reported (Deng et al., 2016). Much of the attention is on tissue engineering based on poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) with different molecular weights and conductive amino-capped aniline trimer. Through these studies, material scientists and biologists together could demonstrate the potential to enhance myogenic differentiation from C2C12 myoblast cells (a mouse cell line typically used for investigating the growth and differentiation of muscle). Myogenesis is the process of forming muscular tissue, particularly during the embryonic development stage. Muscle fibers are formed from the fusion of myoblasts (a mononucleate cell type that fuses with other similar mononucleates), resulting in multinucleated fibers called myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. In the early development of an embryo, myoblasts can either proliferate or differentiate into a myotube.
Serum from differently exercised subjects induces myogenic differentiation in LHCN-M2 human myoblasts
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
D. Vitucci, E. Imperlini, R. Arcone, A. Alfieri, A. Canciello, L. Russomando, D. Martone, A. Cola, G. Labruna, S. Orrù, D. Tafuri, A. Mancini, P. Buono
Myogenesis is the formation of muscle tissue from muscle precursor cells and occurs during embryonic and postnatal development (Taylor, 2002). In developing vertebrates, skeletal muscle formation starts in the somites, where muscle precursor cells arise. Myogenesis begins with the activation of quiescent satellite cells followed by the entry of these cells into the cell cycle, which is, in turn, followed by the proliferation and expression of muscle-specific transcription factors. Subsequently, the satellite cells, now called “myoblasts”, begin to differentiate to form primary myotubes: they allign and fuse with each other to form mature syncytial multinucleate myotubes (Kim, Jin, Duan, & Chen, 2015). Some satellite cells do not differentiate but return to the quiescent phase in order to maintain a pool of satellite cells in muscle tissue (Bazgir, Fathi, Rezazadeh Valojerdi, Mozdziak, & Asgari, 2017).