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Advances in Microbial Molecular Biology
Published in Gustavo Molina, Zeba Usmani, Minaxi Sharma, Abdelaziz Yasri, Vijai Kumar Gupta, Microbes in Agri-Forestry Biotechnology, 2023
Deborah Catharine de Assis Leite, Naiana Cristine Gabiatti
Metabolomics has also a huge potential to better elucidate the chemical communication that results from the interaction between rhizosphere and root community members. Root exudates contain a bunch of primary and secondary plant metabolites that can inhibit or attract different kinds of microbes (Coninck et al. 2015). The recent development of broad-spectrum and highly sensitive metabolomics platforms allows the recognition of metabolome location of the root and its exudate composition. One potential application of metabolomics can be the measurement of changes in specific metabolite levels, in response to a given treatment (Johnson, Ivanisevic, and Siuzdak 2016). With a similar approach, functional metagenomics can provide information to the identification of novel plant growth-promoting genes by heterologous expression in a root colonizer (Levy, Conway et al. 2018).
Rapidly Changing Environment and Role of Microbiome in Restoring and Creating Sustainable Approaches
Published in Suhaib A. Bandh, Javid A. Parray, Nowsheen Shameem, Climate Change and Microbial Diversity, 2023
Manishankar Chakraborty, Udaya Kumar Vandana, Debayan Nandi, Lakkakula Satish, P.B. Mazumder
Interaction of plants with soil microorganisms can take place through various chemical signals which are mediated by plants in the form of certain biologically active compounds or root exudates (Bais et al., 2006). This capability of establishing a relationship with the soil microbes enables plants to be more tolerant to various biotic and abiotic stresses (Saravanan et al., 2020). Plant root exudates help in making pollutants more available for microbial degradation by increasing their solubility (Read and Perez-Moreno, 2003). Also, some components of root exudates can act as co-metabolites in the degradation process of contaminants (Ubogu et al., 2019). It has been found that it is the host plant which releases specific root exudates resulting in particular responses to pollutants (Hussain et al., 2018; Berendsen et al., 2012). Apart from plants, fungi in root rhizosphere also facilitate the bioavailability of hydrophobic substrates to bacteria through bacterial—fungal interactions by uptaking and translocating pollutants using fungal hyphae (Banitz et al., 2013). Examples of few plant—microbe relationships reported to be involved in PHC degradation include an interaction between bacterium Rhodococcus sp with Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) (Kukla et al., 2014) and strains of proteobacteria Burkholderia fungorum DBT1 with hybrid poplar plant (willow family) (Andreolli et al., 2013).
Soil Enzymes – a Tool to Monitor Soil-forming Processes in Coal Mine Spoil Heaps
Published in Artur Dyczko, Andrzej M. Jagodziński, Gabriela Woźniak, Green Scenarios: Mining Industry Responses to Environmental Challenges of the Anthropocene Epoch, 2022
Root exudates are one of the key factors increasing the number and activity of microorganisms in the rhizosphere compared to bare soil (Shi et al. 2011). Low molecular carbon compounds present in root exudates such as sugars, organic acids and amino acids are easily assimilable by microorganisms and play a significant role in regulating the dynamics of soil microbial communities (Bais et al. 2006; Weisskopf et al. 2008). Root exudates also affect the level of soil contamination by stimulating bacterial growth, which results in a more effective distribution of environmental pollutants (Kuiper et al. 2004). Root activity depends on the plant species. Smith (1976) showed that the composition of the root exudates of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), American beech (Fagus grandifolia) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) differs significantly. American beech secreted the largest amounts of amino-acids and organic acids, while yellow birch released large amounts of sugars into the soil. Sandnes et al. (2005) showed that the roots of the silver birch (Betula pendula) tree secreted more diverse and more organic acids than the Norway spruce (Picea abies).
Co-culture between Miscanthus x giganteus and Trifolium repens L. to enhance microbial activity, biomass and density in a PAH contaminated technosol
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Laura Wechtler, Jaïro Falla-Angel, Antoine Bonnefoy, Philippe Laval-Gilly
Results showed an average copy number of 4.2 x 109 per gram of technosol at T0. After 148 days of cultivation (TF), the gene copy number per gram of technosol ranged from 3.8 x 109 for the non-planted technosol to 6.2 x 109 for the co-culture. When comparing the planted conditions at TF, the non-planted condition at TF and the technosol at T0, results showed a significant increase in the number of 16S rDNA copies in the planted conditions at TF. This shows that plants (in mono- and in co-culture) have an influence on the increase of bacterial density in the technosol. It could be explained by the presence of root exudates in the planted-conditions. Root exudates is a carbon and energy source for microorganisms stimulating their growth and activity (Baudoin et al. 2003; Chaudhry et al. 2005; Técher et al. 2011).
Assessment of dynamic microbial community structure and rhizosphere interactions during bioaugmented phytoremediation of petroleum contaminated soil by a newly designed rhizobox system
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2022
Kwang Mo Yang, Toemthip Poolpak, Prayad Pokethitiyook, Maleeya Kruatrachue
Rhizoremediation, the use of the synergistic effect between plants and rhizosphere microorganisms to degrade organic pollutants, is considered a promising, cost-effective, and eco-friendly technique to clean up soils polluted by petroleum hydrocarbons (Tejeda-Agredano et al.2013; Rohrbacher and St-Arnaud 2016; Yang et al.2021). The rhizosphere is well known as a site for elevated microbial population and activities mainly through root development and exudation (Wang et al.2014; Guo, Gong, Miao, Rookes, et al.2017). Several studies have reported that the positive effects of plants on PAH removal are mainly attributed to the enhancement of general microbial activity and increased PAH solubility via root exudates (Zhu et al.2009; Cébron et al.2011). The root exudates serve as accessible carbon sources for soil microorganisms and promote microbial metabolism in the contaminated soil (Rohrbacher and St-Arnaud 2016; Ely and Smets 2017). Root exudates consist of different carboxylic acids, organic acids, alcohols, carbohydrates, amino acids, and phenolic compounds, which serve as carbon and nutrient sources for the growth of soil microorganisms (Liu et al.2015; Rohrbacher and St-Arnaud 2016). Evidence suggests that plants exude aromatic compounds that resemble catabolic intermediates to stimulate biodegradation of toxic aromatic contaminants such as PAHs (Liu et al.2015; Ely and Smets 2017). Root exudates acted as surfactants and reduced the sorption of organic contaminants, thus increasing their bioavailability (Zhu et al.2009).
Responses of oil degrader enzyme activities, metabolism and degradation kinetics to bean root exudates during rhizoremediation of crude oil contaminated soil
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2022
Kwang Mo Yang, Toemthip Poolpak, Prayad Pokethitiyook, Maleeya Kruatrachue, Patompong Saengwilai
Rhizoremediation, a particular process of phytoremediation is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly strategy exploiting the ability of the plant to incorporate microorganisms in the rhizosphere to break down organic pollutants (White et al. 2006; Datta et al. 2013). This phenomenon is believed to occur primarily by the release of plant root exudates (Miya and Firestone 2001; Guo et al. 2017). Approximately 20% of photosynthetically fixed carbons are secreted to the rhizosphere in the form of carbohydrates, proteins, organic acids, and phenolic compounds (Badri and Vivanco 2009; Rohrbacher and St-Arnaud 2016). These compounds subsequently alter the rhizosphere microbial communities, which play a critical role in the transformation of petroleum hydrocarbons (Liu et al. 2015). In addition, root exudates promote microbial growth and metabolic activities (Miya and Firestone 2001; Wang et al. 2014). Vegetation in the contaminated soil increased the number of microorganisms up to three orders of magnitude with an increased rate of contaminant removal (Wang et al. 2008).