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Lupus Nephritis
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
There is controversy regarding which patients with lupus should undergo a renal biopsy. Patients with mild renal involvement (minimal proteinuria without hematuria) will likely show mild histologic changes on biopsy, while biopsy in patients with active serology, active urine sediment (RBCs, WBCs, casts), and an elevated serum creatinine will likely show diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. Nonetheless, in a given patient, it is difficult to predict with any certainty the type of nephritis based on the clinical presentation alone. Renal biopsy is the only tool that allows correct pathologic classification of lupus nephritis and thereby provides critical information necessary to determine the appropriate treatment.
The image-based analysis and classification of urine sediments using a LeNet-5 neural network
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2020
Taihao Li, Di Jin, Cuifen Du, Xiumei Cao, Haige Chen, Jianshe Yan, Na Chen, Zhenyi Chen, Zhenzhen Feng, Shupeng Liu
Urine sample analysis is a widely used examination in clinics and considered as ‘in vitro renal biopsy’. It includes physical examination, chemical analysis and urinary sediment analysis (Rao et al. 2007). In urinary sediment, fresh urine is first centrifuged and then the precipitated substances are observed under a microscope for analysing and counting the objects. The analysis can effectively assist the diagnosis of urinary disorders as a patient’s urine sample typically has different components as compared to a healthy person. Generally, the RBC count can be used to diagnose haematuria related diseases, such as kidney and bladder inflammation, renal tuberculosis, etc. The morphology of red blood cells (RBCs) can be used to predict the site and type of lesions in the kidneys. The numbers of white blood cells (WBCs) and bacteria in urine sample can be used to diagnose and classify urinary system infection. Epithelial cells (EC) and crystals can provide important evidence for classifying urinary system inflammation and kidney stones. The presence of yeast, mold cells (Candida albicans) can suggest urethral candidiasis, especially in diabetic patients (Behzadi et al. 2015). Hence, urine sample analysis plays an important role in clinical screening, diagnosis and in promoting public health.