China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Anatomy of Joints Related to Function
Published in Verna Wright, Eric L. Radin, Mechanics of Human Joints, 2020
Secondary cartilaginous joints— symphyses— all occur in the midsagittal plane and allow varying degrees of movement while withstanding compressive forces. They do this by virtue of the imposition of a deformable pad offibro-cartilage between the two bone ends, which are themselves lined by hyaline cartilage (Fig. 1C). The range and pattern of movement depend upon the shape and thickness of the fibrocartilage, as well as the geometry of the restraining collagenous ligaments that surround it. The manubriosternal joint is said to allow a very small (2°) amount of bendingin the sagittal plane as the manubrium rises and falls during thoracic respiration (4). The symphysis pubis, containing a modest width of fibrocartilage, is subjected to very little motion normally (5) but permits significant movement (distraction) that enlarges the birth canal in women during the later stages of pregnancy (6). At other times, the symphysis pubis is under compressive stresses during locomotion (7) and accommodates the very small movements of the sacroiliac joints, which occur when these are transmitting body weight in the erect posture and during locomotion.
Does inside passing contribute to the high incidence of groin injuries in soccer? A biomechanical analysis
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
Thomas Dupré, Johannes Funken, Ralf Müller, Kristian R. L. Mortensen, Filip Gertz Lysdal, Markus Braun, Hartmut Krahl, Wolfgang Potthast
High muscle stresses in the adductors cannot only explain muscle injuries, a connection can also be made to the development of adductor tendinopathy and osteitis pubis: The cross-sectional area of muscles gets smaller towards their apophyses, but the forces produced are constant throughout the entire muscle. Therefore, the stress applied to the tendons and apophyses is higher compared to the centre of the muscle. This even higher stress makes the tendons and apophyses prone to overuse and the onset of inflammations. Accordingly, this is relevant for the development of adductor tendinopathy in soccer players. Furthermore, because the gracilis, together with the adductor longus, is attached to the pubic bone via the inferior pubic ligament, the combined force of the two muscles acts on the pubic symphysis (Cunningham et al., 2007). There are two mechanisms associated with groin pain and/or osteitis pubis that might be explained by this combined force: First, Cunningham et al. (2007) found that osteitis pubis is often accompanied by a microtear in the adductor longus attachment. Second, due to the high stresses, the pubic symphysis and parasymphyseal bone might be put under extensive stress repeatedly, leading also to osteitis pubis (Hiti et al., 2011). Both mechanisms can be explained by high muscle stress acting on the apophysis and pubic symphysis.
Multiscale topology optimization of pelvic bone for combined walking and running gait cycles
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Figure 1 shows the lateral and medial views of the pelvic bone. A pair of pelvic bones forming the pelvis are rigidly attached to each other at the pubic symphysis and to the backbone at the sacro-iliac joint. Each pelvic bone is connected to the respective femur (thigh bone) at the acetabulum joint, which transmits forces between the femur and the pelvic bone. Further, a total set of 21 muscles are attached to each pelvic bone which exerts forces at various stages of activation (Dostal and Andrews 1981).